4.15.4

closes #3387

.editorconfig

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# http://editorconfig.org
+root = true
+
+[*]
+charset = utf-8
+insert_final_newline = true
+trim_trailing_whitespace = true
+
+[{*.js,*.json,*.yml}]
+indent_size = 2
+indent_style = space

.eslintignore

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+coverage
+node_modules

.eslintrc

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "rules": {
+    "eol-last": "error",
+    "indent": ["error", 2, { "SwitchCase": 1 }],
+    "no-trailing-spaces": "error",
+    "no-unused-vars": ["error", { "vars": "all", "args": "none", "ignoreRestSiblings": true }]
+  }
+}

.gitignore

@@ -1,16 +1,26 @@
-coverage/
-.DS_Store
-*.seed
+# OS X
+.DS_Store*
+Icon?
+._*
+
+# Windows
+Thumbs.db
+ehthumbs.db
+Desktop.ini
+
+# Linux
+.directory
+*~
+
+
+# npm
+node_modules
 *.log
-*.csv
-*.dat
-*.out
-*.pid
-*.swp
-*.swo
+*.gz
+
+
+# Coveralls
+coverage
+
+# Benchmarking
 benchmarks/graphs
-testing
-node_modules/
-testing
-test.js
-.idea

.npmignore

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-.git*
-benchmarks/
-coverage/
-docs/
-examples/
-support/
-test/
-testing.js
-.DS_Store
-.travis.yml
-Contributing.md

.travis.yml

@@ -1,10 +1,33 @@
 language: node_js
 node_js:
   - "0.10"
-  - "0.11"
+  - "0.12"
+  - "1.8"
+  - "2.5"
+  - "3.3"
+  - "4.8"
+  - "5.12"
+  - "6.11"
+  - "7.10"
 matrix:
+  include:
+    - node_js: "8.0"
+      env: "NVM_NODEJS_ORG_MIRROR=https://nodejs.org/download/nightly"
   allow_failures:
-    - node_js: "0.11"
-  fast_finish: true
-script: "npm run-script test-travis"
+    # Allow the nightly installs to fail
+    - env: "NVM_NODEJS_ORG_MIRROR=https://nodejs.org/download/nightly"
+sudo: false
+cache:
+  directories:
+    - node_modules
+before_install:
+  # Remove all non-test dependencies
+  - "npm rm --save-dev connect-redis"
+
+  # Update Node.js modules
+  - "test ! -d node_modules || npm prune"
+  - "test ! -d node_modules || npm rebuild"
+script:
+  - "npm run test-ci"
+  - "npm run lint"
 after_script: "npm install coveralls@2.10.0 && cat ./coverage/lcov.info | coveralls"

Collaborator-Guide.md

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+
+## Website Issues
+
+Open issues for the expressjs.com website in https://github.com/expressjs/expressjs.com.
+
+## PRs and Code contributions
+
+* Tests must pass.
+* Follow the [JavaScript Standard Style](http://standardjs.com/) and `npm run lint`.
+* If you fix a bug, add a test.
+
+## Branches
+
+Use the `master` branch for bug fixes or minor work that is intended for the
+current release stream.
+
+Use the correspondingly named branch, e.g. `5.0`, for anything intended for
+a future release of Express.
+
+## Steps for contributing
+
+1. [Create an issue](https://github.com/expressjs/express/issues/new) for the
+   bug you want to fix or the feature that you want to add.
+2. Create your own [fork](https://github.com/expressjs/express) on github, then
+   checkout your fork.
+3. Write your code in your local copy. It's good practice to create a branch for
+   each new issue you work on, although not compulsory.
+4. To run the test suite, first install the dependencies by running `npm install`,
+   then run `npm test`.
+5. Ensure your code is linted by running `npm run lint` -- fix any issue you
+   see listed.
+6. If the tests pass, you can commit your changes to your fork and then create
+   a pull request from there. Make sure to reference your issue from the pull
+   request comments by including the issue number e.g. `#123`.
+
+## Issues which are questions
+
+We will typically close any vague issues or questions that are specific to some
+app you are writing. Please double check the docs and other references before
+being trigger happy with posting a question issue.
+
+Things that will help get your question issue looked at:
+
+* Full and runnable JS code.
+* Clear description of the problem or unexpected behavior.
+* Clear description of the expected result.
+* Steps you have taken to debug it yourself.
+
+If you post a question and do not outline the above items or make it easy for
+us to understand and reproduce your issue, it will be closed.

Contributing.md

@@ -1,25 +1,85 @@
+# Express.js Community Contributing Guide 1.0
 
-## Website Issues
+The goal of this document is to create a contribution process that:
 
-Issues for the expressjs.com website go here https://github.com/visionmedia/expressjs.com
+* Encourages new contributions.
+* Encourages contributors to remain involved.
+* Avoids unnecessary processes and bureaucracy whenever possible.
+* Creates a transparent decision making process that makes it clear how
+contributors can be involved in decision making.
 
-## PRs and Code contributions
+## Vocabulary
 
-* Tests must pass.
-* Follow existing coding style.
-* If you fix a bug, add a test.
+* A **Contributor** is any individual creating or commenting on an issue or pull request.
+* A **Committer** is a subset of contributors who have been given write access to the repository.
+* A **TC (Technical Committee)** is a group of committers representing the required technical
+expertise to resolve rare disputes.
+
+# Logging Issues
+
+Log an issue for any question or problem you might have. When in doubt, log an issue, and
+any additional policies about what to include will be provided in the responses. The only
+exception is security dislosures which should be sent privately.
+
+Committers may direct you to another repository, ask for additional clarifications, and
+add appropriate metadata before the issue is addressed.
+
+Please be courteous and respectful. Every participant is expected to follow the
+project's Code of Conduct.
+
+# Contributions
+
+Any change to resources in this repository must be through pull requests. This applies to all changes
+to documentation, code, binary files, etc. Even long term committers and TC members must use
+pull requests.
+
+No pull request can be merged without being reviewed.
+
+For non-trivial contributions, pull requests should sit for at least 36 hours to ensure that
+contributors in other timezones have time to review. Consideration should also be given to
+weekends and other holiday periods to ensure active committers all have reasonable time to
+become involved in the discussion and review process if they wish.
+
+The default for each contribution is that it is accepted once no committer has an objection.
+During review committers may also request that a specific contributor who is most versed in a
+particular area gives a "LGTM" before the PR can be merged. There is no additional "sign off"
+process for contributions to land. Once all issues brought by committers are addressed it can
+be landed by any committer.
+
+In the case of an objection being raised in a pull request by another committer, all involved
+committers should seek to arrive at a consensus by way of addressing concerns being expressed
+by discussion, compromise on the proposed change, or withdrawal of the proposed change.
+
+If a contribution is controversial and committers cannot agree about how to get it to land
+or if it should land then it should be escalated to the TC. TC members should regularly
+discuss pending contributions in order to find a resolution. It is expected that only a
+small minority of issues be brought to the TC for resolution and that discussion and
+compromise among committers be the default resolution mechanism.
+
+# Becoming a Committer
+
+All contributors who land a non-trivial contribution should be on-boarded in a timely manner,
+and added as a committer, and be given write access to the repository.
+
+Committers are expected to follow this policy and continue to send pull requests, go through
+proper review, and have other committers merge their pull requests.
+
+# TC Process
+
+The TC uses a "consensus seeking" process for issues that are escalated to the TC.
+The group tries to find a resolution that has no open objections among TC members.
+If a consensus cannot be reached that has no objections then a majority wins vote
+is called. It is also expected that the majority of decisions made by the TC are via
+a consensus seeking process and that voting is only used as a last-resort.
+
+Resolution may involve returning the issue to committers with suggestions on how to
+move forward towards a consensus. It is not expected that a meeting of the TC
+will resolve all issues on its agenda during that meeting and may prefer to continue
+the discussion happening among the committers.
+
+Members can be added to the TC at any time. Any committer can nominate another committer
+to the TC and the TC uses its standard consensus seeking process to evaluate whether or
+not to add this new member. Members who do not participate consistently at the level of
+a majority of the other members are expected to resign.
 
 
-## Issues which are questions
-
-We will typically close any vague issues or questions that are specific to some app you are writing. Please double check the docs and other references before being trigger happy with posting a question issue.
-
-Things that will help get your question issue looked at:
-
-* Full and runnable JS code.
-* Clear description of the problem or unexpected behavior.
-* Clear description of the expected result.
-* Steps you have taken to debug it yourself.
-
-If you post a question and do not outline the above items or make it easy for us to understand and reproduce your issue, it will be closed.
-

LICENSE

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 (The MIT License)
 
 Copyright (c) 2009-2014 TJ Holowaychuk <tj@vision-media.ca>
+Copyright (c) 2013-2014 Roman Shtylman <shtylman+expressjs@gmail.com>
+Copyright (c) 2014-2015 Douglas Christopher Wilson <doug@somethingdoug.com>
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the

Readme-Guide.md

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+# README guidelines
+
+Every module in the expressjs, pillarjs, and jshttp organizations should have
+a README file named `README.md`. The purpose of the README is to:
+
+- Explain the purpose of the module and how to use it.
+- Act as a landing page (both on GitHub and npmjs.com) for the module to help
+  people find it via search. Middleware module READMEs are also incorporated
+  into https://expressjs.com/en/resources/middleware.html.
+- Encourage community contributions and participation.
+
+Use the [README template](https://github.com/expressjs/express/wiki/README-template)
+to quickly create a new README file.
+
+## Top-level items
+
+**Badges** (optional): At the very top (with no subheading), include any
+applicable badges, such as npm version/downloads, build status, test coverage,
+and so on. Badges should resolve properly (not display a broken image).
+
+Possible badges include:
+- npm version: `[![NPM Version][npm-image]][npm-url]`
+- npm downloads: `[![NPM Downloads][downloads-image]][downloads-url]`
+- Build status: `[![Build Status][travis-image]][travis-url]`
+- Test coverage: `[![Test Coverage][coveralls-image]][coveralls-url]`
+- Tips: `[![Gratipay][gratipay-image]][gratipay-url]`
+
+**Summary**: Following badges, provide a one- or two-sentence description of
+what the module does. This should be the same as the npmjs.org blurb (which
+comes from the description property of `package.json`). Since npm doesn't
+handle markdown for the blurb, avoid using markdown in the summary sentence.
+
+**TOC** (Optional): For longer READMEs, provide a table of contents that has
+a relative link to each section. A tool such as
+[doctoc](https://www.npmjs.com/package/doctoc) makes it very easy to generate
+a TOC.
+
+## Overview
+
+Optionally, include a section of one or two paragraphs with more high-level
+information on what the module does, what problems it solves, why one would
+use it and how.  Don't just repeat what's in the summary.
+
+## Installation
+
+Required. This section is typically just:
+
+```sh
+$ npm install module-name
+```
+
+But include any other steps or requirements.
+
+NOTE: Use the `sh` code block to make the shell command display properly on
+the website.
+
+## Basic use
+
+- Provide a general description of how to use the module with code sample.
+  Include any important caveats or restrictions.
+- Explain the most common use cases.
+- Optional: a simple "hello world" type example (where applicable). This
+  example is in addition to the more comprehensive [example section](#examples)
+  later.
+
+## API
+
+Provide complete API documentation.
+
+Formatting conventions: Each function is listed in a 3rd-level heading (`###`),
+like this:
+
+```
+### Function_name(arg, options [, optional_arg]  ... )
+```
+
+**Options objects**
+
+For arguments that are objects (for example, options object), describe the
+properties in a table, as follows. This matches the formatting used in the
+[Express API docs](https://expressjs.com/en/4x/api.html).
+
+|Property | Description | Type | Default|
+|----------|-----------|------------|-------------|
+|Name of the property in `monospace`. | Brief description | String, Number, Boolean, etc. | If applicable.|
+
+If all the properties are required (i.e. there are no defaults), then you
+can omit the default column.
+
+Instead of very lengthy descriptions, link out to subsequent paragraphs for
+more detailed explanation of specific cases (e.g. "When this property is set
+to 'foobar', xyz happens; see <link to following section >.)
+
+If there are options properties that are themselves options, use additional
+tables. See [`trust proxy` and `etag` properties](https://expressjs.com/en/4x/api.html#app.settings.table).
+
+## Examples
+
+Every README should have at least one example; ideally more.  For code samples,
+be sure to use the `js` code block, for proper display in the website, e.g.:
+
+```js
+var csurf = require('csurf')
+...
+```
+
+## Tests
+
+What tests are included.
+
+How to run them.
+
+The convention for running tests is `npm test`. All our projects should follow
+this convention.
+
+## Contributors
+
+Names of module "owners" (lead developers) and other developers who have
+contributed.
+
+## License
+
+Link to the license, with a short description of what it is, e.g. "MIT" or
+whatever. Ideally, avoid putting the license text directly in the README; link
+to it instead.

Readme.md

@@ -1,58 +1,82 @@
-[![express logo](https://i.cloudup.com/zfY6lL7eFa-3000x3000.png)](http://expressjs.com/)
+[![Express Logo](https://i.cloudup.com/zfY6lL7eFa-3000x3000.png)](http://expressjs.com/)
 
   Fast, unopinionated, minimalist web framework for [node](http://nodejs.org).
 
-  [![NPM version](https://badge.fury.io/js/express.svg)](http://badge.fury.io/js/express)
-  [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/visionmedia/express.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/visionmedia/express)
-  [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/visionmedia/express.svg)](https://coveralls.io/r/visionmedia/express)
-  [![Gittip](http://img.shields.io/gittip/visionmedia.svg)](https://www.gittip.com/visionmedia/)
+  [![NPM Version][npm-image]][npm-url]
+  [![NPM Downloads][downloads-image]][downloads-url]
+  [![Linux Build][travis-image]][travis-url]
+  [![Windows Build][appveyor-image]][appveyor-url]
+  [![Test Coverage][coveralls-image]][coveralls-url]
 
 ```js
-var express = require('express');
-var app = express();
+var express = require('express')
+var app = express()
 
-app.get('/', function(req, res){
-  res.send('Hello World');
-});
+app.get('/', function (req, res) {
+  res.send('Hello World')
+})
 
-app.listen(3000);
+app.listen(3000)
 ```
 
-**PROTIP** Be sure to read [Migrating from 3.x to 4.x](https://github.com/visionmedia/express/wiki/Migrating-from-3.x-to-4.x) as well as [New features in 4.x](https://github.com/visionmedia/express/wiki/New-features-in-4.x).
-
 ## Installation
 
-    $ npm install express
-
-## Quick Start
-
- The quickest way to get started with express is to utilize the executable [`express(1)`](http://github.com/expressjs/generator) to generate an application as shown below:
- 
- Install the executable. The executable's major version will match Express's:
- 
-    $ npm install -g express-generator@3
-
- Create the app:
-
-    $ express /tmp/foo && cd /tmp/foo
-
- Install dependencies:
-
-    $ npm install
-
- Start the server:
-
-    $ npm start
+```bash
+$ npm install express
+```
 
 ## Features
 
   * Robust routing
+  * Focus on high performance
+  * Super-high test coverage
   * HTTP helpers (redirection, caching, etc)
   * View system supporting 14+ template engines
   * Content negotiation
-  * Focus on high performance
   * Executable for generating applications quickly
-  * High test coverage
+
+## Docs & Community
+
+  * [Website and Documentation](http://expressjs.com/) - [[website repo](https://github.com/expressjs/expressjs.com)]
+  * [#express](https://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=express) on freenode IRC
+  * [GitHub Organization](https://github.com/expressjs) for Official Middleware & Modules
+  * Visit the [Wiki](https://github.com/expressjs/express/wiki)
+  * [Google Group](https://groups.google.com/group/express-js) for discussion
+  * [Gitter](https://gitter.im/expressjs/express) for support and discussion
+
+**PROTIP** Be sure to read [Migrating from 3.x to 4.x](https://github.com/expressjs/express/wiki/Migrating-from-3.x-to-4.x) as well as [New features in 4.x](https://github.com/expressjs/express/wiki/New-features-in-4.x).
+
+### Security Issues
+
+If you discover a security vulnerability in Express, please see [Security Policies and Procedures](Security.md).
+
+## Quick Start
+
+  The quickest way to get started with express is to utilize the executable [`express(1)`](https://github.com/expressjs/generator) to generate an application as shown below:
+
+  Install the executable. The executable's major version will match Express's:
+
+```bash
+$ npm install -g express-generator@4
+```
+
+  Create the app:
+
+```bash
+$ express /tmp/foo && cd /tmp/foo
+```
+
+  Install dependencies:
+
+```bash
+$ npm install
+```
+
+  Start the server:
+
+```bash
+$ npm start
+```
 
 ## Philosophy
 
@@ -61,53 +85,57 @@ app.listen(3000);
   HTTP APIs.
 
   Express does not force you to use any specific ORM or template engine. With support for over
-  14 template engines via [Consolidate.js](http://github.com/visionmedia/consolidate.js),
+  14 template engines via [Consolidate.js](https://github.com/tj/consolidate.js),
   you can quickly craft your perfect framework.
 
-## More Information
+## Examples
 
-  * [Website and Documentation](http://expressjs.com/) stored at [visionmedia/expressjs.com](https://github.com/visionmedia/expressjs.com)
-  * Join #express on freenode
-  * [Google Group](http://groups.google.com/group/express-js) for discussion
-  * Follow [tjholowaychuk](http://twitter.com/tjholowaychuk) and [defunctzombie](https://twitter.com/defunctzombie) on twitter for updates
-  * Visit the [Wiki](http://github.com/visionmedia/express/wiki)
-  * [Русскоязычная документация](http://jsman.ru/express/)
-  * Run express examples [online](https://runnable.com/express)
+  To view the examples, clone the Express repo and install the dependencies:
 
-## Viewing Examples
+```bash
+$ git clone git://github.com/expressjs/express.git --depth 1
+$ cd express
+$ npm install
+```
 
-Clone the Express repo, then install the dev dependencies to install all the example / test suite dependencies:
+  Then run whichever example you want:
 
-    $ git clone git://github.com/visionmedia/express.git --depth 1
-    $ cd express
-    $ npm install
+```bash
+$ node examples/content-negotiation
+```
 
-Then run whichever tests you want:
+## Tests
 
-    $ node examples/content-negotiation
+  To run the test suite, first install the dependencies, then run `npm test`:
 
-You can also view live examples here:
-
-<a href="https://runnable.com/express" target="_blank"><img src="https://runnable.com/external/styles/assets/runnablebtn.png" style="width:67px;height:25px;"></a>
-
-## Running Tests
-
-To run the test suite, first invoke the following command within the repo, installing the development dependencies:
-
-    $ npm install
-
-Then run the tests:
-
-```sh
+```bash
+$ npm install
 $ npm test
 ```
 
-## Contributors
-  
-  Author: [TJ Holowaychuk](http://github.com/visionmedia)  
-  Lead Maintainer: [Roman Shtylman](https://github.com/defunctzombie)  
-  Contributors: https://github.com/visionmedia/express/graphs/contributors  
+## People
+
+The original author of Express is [TJ Holowaychuk](https://github.com/tj) [![TJ's Gratipay][gratipay-image-visionmedia]][gratipay-url-visionmedia]
+
+The current lead maintainer is [Douglas Christopher Wilson](https://github.com/dougwilson) [![Doug's Gratipay][gratipay-image-dougwilson]][gratipay-url-dougwilson]
+
+[List of all contributors](https://github.com/expressjs/express/graphs/contributors)
 
 ## License
 
-MIT
+  [MIT](LICENSE)
+
+[npm-image]: https://img.shields.io/npm/v/express.svg
+[npm-url]: https://npmjs.org/package/express
+[downloads-image]: https://img.shields.io/npm/dm/express.svg
+[downloads-url]: https://npmjs.org/package/express
+[travis-image]: https://img.shields.io/travis/expressjs/express/master.svg?label=linux
+[travis-url]: https://travis-ci.org/expressjs/express
+[appveyor-image]: https://img.shields.io/appveyor/ci/dougwilson/express/master.svg?label=windows
+[appveyor-url]: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/dougwilson/express
+[coveralls-image]: https://img.shields.io/coveralls/expressjs/express/master.svg
+[coveralls-url]: https://coveralls.io/r/expressjs/express?branch=master
+[gratipay-image-visionmedia]: https://img.shields.io/gratipay/visionmedia.svg
+[gratipay-url-visionmedia]: https://gratipay.com/visionmedia/
+[gratipay-image-dougwilson]: https://img.shields.io/gratipay/dougwilson.svg
+[gratipay-url-dougwilson]: https://gratipay.com/dougwilson/

Release-Process.md

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+# Express Release Process
+
+This document contains the technical aspects of the Express release process. The
+intended audience is those who have been authorized by the Express Technical
+Committee (TC) to create, promote and sign official release builds for Express,
+as npm packages hosted on https://npmjs.com/package/express.
+
+## Who can make releases?
+
+Release authorization is given by the Express TC. Once authorized, an individual
+must have the following access permissions:
+
+### 1. Github release access
+
+The individual making the release will need to be a member of the
+expressjs/express team with Write permission level so they are able to tag the
+release commit and push changes to the expressjs/express repository
+(see Steps 4 and 5).
+
+### 2. npmjs.com release access
+
+The individual making the release will need to be made an owner on the
+`express` package on npmjs.com so they are able to publish the release
+(see Step 6).
+
+## How to publish a release
+
+Before publishing, the following preconditions should be met:
+
+- A release proposal issue or tracking pull request (see "Proposal branch"
+  below) will exist documenting:
+  - the proposed changes
+  - the type of release: patch, minor or major
+  - the version number (according to semantic versioning - http://semver.org)
+- The proposed changes should be complete.
+
+There are two main release flows: patch and non-patch.
+
+The patch flow is for making **patch releases**. As per semantic versioning,
+patch releases are for simple changes, eg: typo fixes, patch dependency updates,
+and simple/low-risk bug fixes. Every other type of change is made via the
+non-patch flow.
+
+### Branch terminology
+
+"Master branch"
+
+- There is a branch in git used for the current major version of Express, named
+  `master`.
+- This branch contains the completed commits for the next patch release of the
+  current major version.
+- Releases for the current major version are published from this branch.
+
+"Version branch"
+
+- For any given major version of Express (current, previous or next) there is
+  a branch in git for that release named `<major-version>.x` (eg: `4.x`).
+- This branch points to the commit of the latest tag for the given major version.
+
+"Release branch"
+
+- For any given major version of Express, there is a branch used for publishing
+  releases.
+- For the current major version of Express, the release branch is the
+  "Master branch" named `master`.
+- For all other major versions of Express, the release branch is the
+  "Version branch" named `<major-version>.x`.
+
+"Proposal branch"
+
+- A branch in git representing a proposed new release of Express. This can be a
+  minor or major release, named `<major-version>.0` for a major release,
+  `<major-version>.<minor-version>` for a minor release.
+- A tracking pull request should exist to document the proposed release,
+  targeted at the appropriate release branch. Prior to opening the tracking
+  pull request the content of the release may have be discussed in an issue.
+- This branch contains the commits accepted so far that implement the proposal
+  in the tracking pull request.
+
+### Patch flow
+
+In the patch flow, simple changes are committed to the release branch which
+acts as an ever-present branch for the next patch release of the associated
+major version of Express.
+
+The release branch is usually kept in a state where it is ready to release.
+Releases are made when sufficient time or change has been made to warrant it.
+This is usually proposed and decided using a github issue.
+
+### Non-patch flow
+
+In the non-patch flow, changes are committed to a temporary proposal branch
+created specifically for that release proposal. The branch is based on the
+most recent release of the major version of Express that the release targets.
+
+Releases are made when all the changes on a proposal branch are complete and
+approved. This is done by merging the proposal branch into the release branch
+(using a fast-forward merge), tagging it with the new version number and
+publishing the release package to npmjs.com.
+
+### Flow
+
+Below is a detailed description of the steps to publish a release.
+
+#### Step 1. Check the release is ready to publish
+
+Check any relevant information to ensure the release is ready, eg: any
+milestone, label, issue or tracking pull request for the release. The release
+is ready when all proposed code, tests and documentation updates are complete
+(either merged, closed or re-targeted to another release).
+
+#### Step 2. (Non-patch flow only) Merge the proposal branch into the release branch
+
+In the patch flow: skip this step.
+
+In the non-patch flow:
+```sh
+$ git checkout <release-branch>
+$ git merge --ff-only <proposal-branch>
+```
+
+<release-branch> - see "Release branch" of "Branches" above.
+<proposal-branch> - see "Proposal branch" of "Non-patch flow" above.
+
+**NOTE:** You may need to rebase the proposal branch to allow a fast-forward
+          merge. Using a fast-forward merge keeps the history clean as it does
+          not introduce merge commits.
+
+### Step 3. Update the History.md and package.json to the new version number
+
+The changes so far for the release should already be documented under the
+"unreleased" section at the top of the History.md file, as per the usual
+development practice. Change "unreleased" to the new release version / date.
+Example diff fragment:
+
+```diff
+-unreleased
+-==========
++4.13.3 / 2015-08-02
++===================
+```
+
+The version property in the package.json should already contain the version of
+the previous release. Change it to the new release version.
+
+Commit these changes together under a single commit with the message set to
+the new release version (eg: `4.13.3`):
+
+```sh
+$ git checkout <release-branch>
+<..edit files..>
+$ git add History.md package.json
+$ git commit -m '<version-number>'
+```
+
+### Step 4. Identify and tag the release commit with the new release version
+
+Create a lightweight tag (rather than an annotated tag) named after the new
+release version (eg: `4.13.3`).
+
+```sh
+$ git tag <version-number>
+```
+
+### Step 5. Push the release branch changes and tag to github
+
+The branch and tag should be pushed directly to the main repository
+(https://github.com/expressjs/express).
+
+```sh
+$ git push origin <release-branch>
+$ git push origin <version-number>
+```
+
+### Step 6. Publish to npmjs.com
+
+Ensure your local working copy is completely clean (no extra or changed files).
+You can use `git status` for this purpose.
+
+```sh
+$ npm login <npm-username>
+$ npm publish
+```
+
+**NOTE:** The version number to publish will be picked up automatically from
+          package.json.

Security.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Security Policies and Procedures
+
+This document outlines security procedures and general policies for the Express
+project.
+
+  * [Reporting a Bug](#reporting-a-bug)
+  * [Disclosure Policy](#disclosure-policy)
+  * [Comments on this Policy](#comments-on-this-policy)
+
+## Reporting a Bug
+
+The Express team and community take all security bugs in Express seriously.
+Thank you for improving the security of Express. We appreciate your efforts and
+responsible disclosure and will make every effort to acknowledge your
+contributions.
+
+Report security bugs by emailing the lead maintainer in the Readme.md file.
+
+The lead maintainer will acknowledge your email within 48 hours, and will send a
+more detailed response within 48 hours indicating the next steps in handling
+your report. After the initial reply to your report, the security team will
+endeavor to keep you informed of the progress towards a fix and full
+announcement, and may ask for additional information or guidance.
+
+Report security bugs in third-party modules to the person or team maintaining
+the module. You can also report a vulnerability through the
+[Node Security Project](https://nodesecurity.io/report).
+
+## Disclosure Policy
+
+When the security team receives a security bug report, they will assign it to a
+primary handler. This person will coordinate the fix and release process,
+involving the following steps:
+
+  * Confirm the problem and determine the affected versions.
+  * Audit code to find any potential similar problems.
+  * Prepare fixes for all releases still under maintenance. These fixes will be
+    released as fast as possible to npm.
+
+## Comments on this Policy
+
+If you have suggestions on how this process could be improved please submit a
+pull request.

appveyor.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+environment:
+  matrix:
+    - nodejs_version: "0.10"
+    - nodejs_version: "0.12"
+    - nodejs_version: "1.8"
+    - nodejs_version: "2.5"
+    - nodejs_version: "3.3"
+    - nodejs_version: "4.8"
+    - nodejs_version: "5.12"
+    - nodejs_version: "6.11"
+    - nodejs_version: "7.10"
+cache:
+  - node_modules
+install:
+  - ps: Install-Product node $env:nodejs_version
+  - npm rm --save-dev connect-redis
+  - if exist node_modules npm prune
+  - if exist node_modules npm rebuild
+  - npm install
+build: off
+test_script:
+  - node --version
+  - npm --version
+  - npm run test-ci
+  - npm run lint
+version: "{build}"

benchmarks/middleware.js

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 
-var http = require('http');
 var express = require('..');
 var app = express();
 

examples/auth/index.js

@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@
  */
 
 var express = require('../..');
-var hash = require('./pass').hash;
 var bodyParser = require('body-parser');
+var hash = require('pbkdf2-password')()
+var path = require('path');
 var session = require('express-session');
 
 var app = module.exports = express();
@@ -12,12 +13,16 @@ var app = module.exports = express();
 // config
 
 app.set('view engine', 'ejs');
-app.set('views', __dirname + '/views');
+app.set('views', path.join(__dirname, 'views'));
 
 // middleware
 
 app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: false }));
-app.use(session({ secret: 'shhhh, very secret' }));
+app.use(session({
+  resave: false, // don't save session if unmodified
+  saveUninitialized: false, // don't create session until something stored
+  secret: 'shhhh, very secret'
+}));
 
 // Session-persisted message middleware
 
@@ -41,7 +46,7 @@ var users = {
 // when you create a user, generate a salt
 // and hash the password ('foobar' is the pass here)
 
-hash('foobar', function(err, salt, hash){
+hash({ password: 'foobar' }, function (err, pass, salt, hash) {
   if (err) throw err;
   // store the salt & hash in the "db"
   users.tj.salt = salt;
@@ -59,7 +64,7 @@ function authenticate(name, pass, fn) {
   // apply the same algorithm to the POSTed password, applying
   // the hash against the pass / salt, if there is a match we
   // found the user
-  hash(pass, user.salt, function(err, hash){
+  hash({ password: pass, salt: user.salt }, function (err, pass, salt, hash) {
     if (err) return fn(err);
     if (hash == user.hash) return fn(null, user);
     fn(new Error('invalid password'));

examples/auth/pass.js

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-
-// check out https://github.com/visionmedia/node-pwd
-
-/**
- * Module dependencies.
- */
-
-var crypto = require('crypto');
-
-/**
- * Bytesize.
- */
-
-var len = 128;
-
-/**
- * Iterations. ~300ms
- */
-
-var iterations = 12000;
-
-/**
- * Hashes a password with optional `salt`, otherwise
- * generate a salt for `pass` and invoke `fn(err, salt, hash)`.
- *
- * @param {String} password to hash
- * @param {String} optional salt
- * @param {Function} callback
- * @api public
- */
-
-exports.hash = function (pwd, salt, fn) {
-  if (3 == arguments.length) {
-    crypto.pbkdf2(pwd, salt, iterations, len, function(err, hash){
-      fn(err, hash.toString('base64'));
-    });
-  } else {
-    fn = salt;
-    crypto.randomBytes(len, function(err, salt){
-      if (err) return fn(err);
-      salt = salt.toString('base64');
-      crypto.pbkdf2(pwd, salt, iterations, len, function(err, hash){
-        if (err) return fn(err);
-        fn(null, salt, hash.toString('base64'));
-      });
-    });
-  }
-};

examples/big-view/index.js

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Module dependencies.
- */
-
-var express = require('../..');
-var logger = require('morgan');
-var app = express();
-
-app.set('views', __dirname);
-app.set('view engine', 'jade');
-
-var pets = [];
-
-var n = 1000;
-while (n--) {
-  pets.push({ name: 'Tobi', age: 2, species: 'ferret' });
-  pets.push({ name: 'Loki', age: 1, species: 'ferret' });
-  pets.push({ name: 'Jane', age: 6, species: 'ferret' });
-}
-
-app.use(logger('dev'));
-
-app.get('/', function(req, res){
-  res.render('pets', { pets: pets });
-});
-
-/* istanbul ignore next */
-if (!module.parent) {
-  app.listen(3000);
-  console.log('Express started on port 3000');
-}

examples/big-view/pets.jade

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-style.
-  body {
-    padding: 50px;
-    font: 16px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica;
-  }
-
-table
-  for pet in pets
-    tr
-      td= pet.name
-      td= pet.age
-      td= pet.species

examples/content-negotiation/db.js

@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ users.push({ name: 'Tobi' });
 users.push({ name: 'Loki' });
 users.push({ name: 'Jane' });
 
-module.exports = users;
+module.exports = users;

examples/cookie-sessions/index.js

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
  * Module dependencies.
  */
 
+var cookieSession = require('cookie-session');
 var express = require('../../');
 
 var app = module.exports = express();
@@ -14,9 +15,8 @@ app.use(count);
 
 // custom middleware
 function count(req, res) {
-  req.session.count = req.session.count || 0;
-  var n = req.session.count++;
-  res.send('viewed ' + n + ' times\n');
+  req.session.count = (req.session.count || 0) + 1
+  res.send('viewed ' + req.session.count + ' times\n')
 }
 
 /* istanbul ignore next */

examples/cors/index.js

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Module dependencies.
- */
-
-var express = require('../..');
-var logger = require('morgan');
-var app = express();
-var bodyParser = require('body-parser');
-var api = express();
-
-// app middleware
-
-app.use(express.static(__dirname + '/public'));
-
-// api middleware
-
-api.use(logger('dev'));
-api.use(bodyParser.json());
-
-/**
- * CORS support.
- */
-
-api.all('*', function(req, res, next){
-  if (!req.get('Origin')) return next();
-  // use "*" here to accept any origin
-  res.set('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', 'http://localhost:3000');
-  res.set('Access-Control-Allow-Methods', 'GET, POST');
-  res.set('Access-Control-Allow-Headers', 'X-Requested-With, Content-Type');
-  // res.set('Access-Control-Allow-Max-Age', 3600);
-  if ('OPTIONS' == req.method) return res.send(200);
-  next();
-});
-
-/**
- * POST a user.
- */
-
-api.post('/user', function(req, res){
-  console.log(req.body);
-  res.send(201);
-});
-
-app.listen(3000);
-api.listen(3001);
-
-console.log('app listening on 3000');
-console.log('api listening on 3001');

examples/cors/public/index.html

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-  <body>
-    <script>
-      var req = new XMLHttpRequest;
-      req.open('POST', 'http://localhost:3001/user', false);
-      req.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', 'application/json');
-      req.send('{"name":"tobi","species":"ferret"}');
-      console.log(req.responseText);
-    </script>
-  </body>
-</html>

examples/downloads/files/utf-8 한中日.txt

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-한中日

examples/downloads/index.js

@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@
  */
 
 var express = require('../../');
+var path = require('path');
 var app = module.exports = express();
 
 app.get('/', function(req, res){
   res.send('<ul>'
     + '<li>Download <a href="/files/amazing.txt">amazing.txt</a>.</li>'
-    + '<li>Download <a href="/files/utf-8 한中日.txt">utf-8 한中日.txt</a>.</li>'
     + '<li>Download <a href="/files/missing.txt">missing.txt</a>.</li>'
     + '<li>Download <a href="/files/CCTV大赛上海分赛区.txt">CCTV大赛上海分赛区.txt</a>.</li>'
     + '</ul>');
@@ -17,10 +17,9 @@ app.get('/', function(req, res){
 // /files/* is accessed via req.params[0]
 // but here we name it :file
 app.get('/files/:file(*)', function(req, res, next){
-  var file = req.params.file;
-  var path = __dirname + '/files/' + file;
+  var filePath = path.join(__dirname, 'files', req.params.file);
 
-  res.download(path, function(err){
+  res.download(filePath, function (err) {
     if (!err) return; // file sent
     if (err && err.status !== 404) return next(err); // non-404 error
     // file for download not found

examples/ejs/index.js

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
  */
 
 var express = require('../../');
+var path = require('path');
 
 var app = module.exports = express();
 
@@ -21,7 +22,11 @@ app.engine('.html', require('ejs').__express);
 
 // Optional since express defaults to CWD/views
 
-app.set('views', __dirname + '/views');
+app.set('views', path.join(__dirname, 'views'));
+
+// Path to our public directory
+
+app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'public')));
 
 // Without this you would need to
 // supply the extension to res.render()

examples/ejs/views/header.html

@@ -2,12 +2,7 @@
 <html lang="en">
 <head>
   <meta charset="utf-8">
-  <title> <%= title %> </title>
-  <style type="text/css">
-    body {
-      padding: 50px;
-      font: 13px Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
-    }
-  </style>
+  <title><%= title %></title>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/stylesheets/style.css">
 </head>
 <body>

examples/error-pages/index.js

@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@
  */
 
 var express = require('../../');
+var path = require('path');
 var app = module.exports = express();
 var logger = require('morgan');
 var silent = 'test' == process.env.NODE_ENV;
 
 // general config
-app.set('views', __dirname + '/views');
-app.set('view engine', 'jade');
+app.set('views', path.join(__dirname, 'views'));
+app.set('view engine', 'ejs');
 
 // our custom "verbose errors" setting
 // which we can use in the templates
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ silent || app.use(logger('dev'));
 // Routes
 
 app.get('/', function(req, res){
-  res.render('index.jade');
+  res.render('index.ejs');
 });
 
 app.get('/404', function(req, res, next){
@@ -60,20 +61,17 @@ app.get('/500', function(req, res, next){
 app.use(function(req, res, next){
   res.status(404);
 
-  // respond with html page
-  if (req.accepts('html')) {
-    res.render('404', { url: req.url });
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // respond with json
-  if (req.accepts('json')) {
-    res.send({ error: 'Not found' });
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // default to plain-text. send()
-  res.type('txt').send('Not found');
+  res.format({
+    html: function () {
+      res.render('404', { url: req.url })
+    },
+    json: function () {
+      res.json({ error: 'Not found' })
+    },
+    default: function () {
+      res.type('txt').send('Not found')
+    }
+  })
 });
 
 // error-handling middleware, take the same form
@@ -96,7 +94,6 @@ app.use(function(err, req, res, next){
   res.render('500', { error: err });
 });
 
-
 /* istanbul ignore next */
 if (!module.parent) {
   app.listen(3000);

examples/error-pages/views/404.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<% include error_header %>
+<h2>Cannot find <%= url %></h2>
+<% include footer %>

examples/error-pages/views/404.jade

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-
-extends error
-
-block content
-  h2 Cannot find #{url}

examples/error-pages/views/500.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<% include error_header %>
+<h2>Error: <%= error.message %></h2>
+<% if (settings['verbose errors']) { %>
+  <pre><%= error.stack %></pre>
+<% } else { %>
+  <p>An error occurred!</p>
+<% } %>
+<% include footer %>

examples/error-pages/views/500.jade

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-
-// note that we extend a different
-// layout with jade for 4xx & 5xx
-// responses
-
-extends error
-
-block content
-  h1 Error: #{error.message}
-  if settings['verbose errors']
-    pre= error.stack
-  else
-    p An error ocurred!

examples/error-pages/views/error.jade

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-html
-  head 
-    title Error
-  body
-    h1 An error occurred!
-    block content

examples/error-pages/views/error_header.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Error</title>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+<h1>An error occurred!</h1>

examples/error-pages/views/footer.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+</body>
+</html>

examples/error-pages/views/index.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Custom Pages Example</title>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+<h1>My Site</h1>
+<h2>Pages Example</h2>
+
+<ul>
+<li>visit <a href="/500">500</a></li>
+<li>visit <a href="/404">404</a></li>
+<li>visit <a href="/403">403</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+</body>
+</html>

examples/error-pages/views/index.jade

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-
-extends layout
-
-block content
-  h2 Pages Example
-  ul
-    li 
-      | visit 
-      a(href="/500") 500
-    li
-      | visit 
-      a(href="/404") 404
-    li
-      | visit 
-      a(href='/403') 403

examples/error-pages/views/layout.jade

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-html
-  head 
-    title Custom Pages Example
-  body
-    h1 My Site
-    block content

examples/error/index.js

@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ function error(err, req, res, next) {
   if (!test) console.error(err.stack);
 
   // respond with 500 "Internal Server Error".
-  res.send(500);
+  res.status(500);
+  res.send('Internal Server Error');
 }
 
 app.get('/', function(req, res){
@@ -30,6 +31,9 @@ app.get('/', function(req, res){
 
 app.get('/next', function(req, res, next){
   // We can also pass exceptions to next()
+  // The reason for process.nextTick() is to show that
+  // next() can be called inside an async operation,
+  // in real life it can be a DB read or HTTP request.
   process.nextTick(function(){
     next(new Error('oh no!'));
   });

examples/expose-data-to-client/index.js

@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-
-var express = require('../..');
-var logger = require('morgan');
-var app = express();
-
-app.set('view engine', 'jade');
-app.set('views', __dirname + '/views');
-
-function User(name) {
-  this.private = 'heyyyy';
-  this.secret = 'something';
-  this.name = name;
-  this.id = 123;
-}
-
-// You'll probably want to do
-// something like this so you
-// dont expose "secret" data.
-
-User.prototype.toJSON = function(){
-  return {
-    id: this.id,
-    name: this.name
-  };
-};
-
-app.use(logger('dev'));
-
-// earlier on expose an object
-// that we can tack properties on.
-// all res.locals props are exposed
-// to the templates, so "expose" will
-// be present.
-
-app.use(function(req, res, next){
-  res.locals.expose = {};
-  // you could alias this as req or res.expose
-  // to make it shorter and less annoying
-  next();
-});
-
-// pretend we loaded a user
-
-app.use(function(req, res, next){
-  req.user = new User('Tobi');
-  next();
-});
-
-app.get('/', function(req, res){
-  res.redirect('/user');
-});
-
-app.get('/user', function(req, res){
-  // we only want to expose the user
-  // to the client for this route:
-  res.locals.expose.user = req.user;
-  res.render('page');
-});
-
-/* istanbul ignore next */
-if (!module.parent) {
-  app.listen(3000);
-  console.log('Express started on port 3000');
-}

examples/expose-data-to-client/views/page.jade

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-html
-  head
-    title Express
-    script.
-      // call this whatever you like,
-      // or dump them into individual
-      // props like "var user ="
-      var data = !{JSON.stringify(expose)}
-  body
-    h1 Expose client data
-    p The following was exposed to the client:
-    pre
-      script.
-        document.write(JSON.stringify(data, null, 2))

examples/jade/index.js

@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Module dependencies.
- */
-
-var express = require('../../lib/express');
-
-// Path to our public directory
-
-var pub = __dirname + '/public';
-
-// setup middleware
-
-var app = express();
-app.use(express.static(pub));
-
-// Optional since express defaults to CWD/views
-
-app.set('views', __dirname + '/views');
-
-// Set our default template engine to "jade"
-// which prevents the need for extensions
-// (although you can still mix and match)
-app.set('view engine', 'jade');
-
-function User(name, email) {
-  this.name = name;
-  this.email = email;
-}
-
-// Dummy users
-var users = [
-    new User('tj', 'tj@vision-media.ca')
-  , new User('ciaran', 'ciaranj@gmail.com')
-  , new User('aaron', 'aaron.heckmann+github@gmail.com')
-];
-
-app.get('/', function(req, res){
-  res.render('users', { users: users });
-});
-
-// change this to a better error handler in your code
-// sending stacktrace to users in production is not good
-app.use(function(err, req, res, next) {
-  res.send(err.stack);
-});
-
-/* istanbul ignore next */
-if (!module.parent) {
-  app.listen(3000);
-  console.log('Express started on port 3000');
-}

examples/jade/views/header.jade

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-head
-  title Jade Example
-  link(rel="stylesheet", href="/stylesheets/style.css")

examples/jade/views/layout.jade

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-doctype html
-html
-  include header
-  body
-    block content

examples/jade/views/users/index.jade

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-
-extends ../layout
-
-block content
-  h1 Users
-  #users
-    for user in users
-      include user

examples/jade/views/users/user.jade

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-.user
-  h2= user.name
-  .email= user.email

examples/markdown/index.js

@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@
  * Module dependencies.
  */
 
+var escapeHtml = require('escape-html');
 var express = require('../..');
 var fs = require('fs');
-var md = require('marked').parse;
+var marked = require('marked');
+var path = require('path');
 
 var app = module.exports = express();
 
@@ -13,19 +15,14 @@ var app = module.exports = express();
 app.engine('md', function(path, options, fn){
   fs.readFile(path, 'utf8', function(err, str){
     if (err) return fn(err);
-    try {
-      var html = md(str);
-      html = html.replace(/\{([^}]+)\}/g, function(_, name){
-        return options[name] || '';
-      });
-      fn(null, html);
-    } catch(err) {
-      fn(err);
-    }
+    var html = marked.parse(str).replace(/\{([^}]+)\}/g, function(_, name){
+      return escapeHtml(options[name] || '');
+    });
+    fn(null, html);
   });
 });
 
-app.set('views', __dirname + '/views');
+app.set('views', path.join(__dirname, 'views'));
 
 // make it the default so we dont need .md
 app.set('view engine', 'md');

examples/multi-router/controllers/api_v1.js

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+var express = require('../../..');
+
+var apiv1 = express.Router();
+
+apiv1.get('/', function(req, res) {
+  res.send('Hello from APIv1 root route.');
+});
+
+apiv1.get('/users', function(req, res) {
+  res.send('List of APIv1 users.');
+});
+
+module.exports = apiv1;

examples/multi-router/controllers/api_v2.js

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+var express = require('../../..');
+
+var apiv2 = express.Router();
+
+apiv2.get('/', function(req, res) {
+  res.send('Hello from APIv2 root route.');
+});
+
+apiv2.get('/users', function(req, res) {
+  res.send('List of APIv2 users.');
+});
+
+module.exports = apiv2;

examples/multi-router/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+var express = require('../..');
+
+var app = module.exports = express();
+
+app.use('/api/v1', require('./controllers/api_v1'));
+app.use('/api/v2', require('./controllers/api_v2'));
+
+app.get('/', function(req, res) {
+  res.send('Hello form root route.');
+});
+
+/* istanbul ignore next */
+if (!module.parent) {
+  app.listen(3000);
+  console.log('Express started on port 3000');
+}

examples/mvc/controllers/main/index.js

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 exports.index = function(req, res){
   res.redirect('/users');
-};
+};

examples/mvc/controllers/pet/index.js

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 
 var db = require('../../db');
 
+exports.engine = 'ejs';
+
 exports.before = function(req, res, next){
   var pet = db.pets[req.params.pet_id];
   if (!pet) return next('route');

examples/mvc/controllers/pet/views/edit.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
+<title>Edit <%= pet.name %></title>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+<h1><%= pet.name %></h1>
+<form action="/pet/<%= pet.id %>?_method=put" method="post">
+  <label>Name: <input type="text" name="pet[name]" value="<%= pet.name %>"></label>
+  <input type="submit" value="Update">
+</form>
+</body>
+</html>

examples/mvc/controllers/pet/views/edit.jade

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-link(rel='stylesheet', href='/style.css')
-h1= pet.name
-form(action='/pet/#{pet.id}?_method=put', method='post')
-  label= 'Name: '
-    input(type='text', name='pet[name]', value=pet.name)
-  input(type='submit', value='Update')

examples/mvc/controllers/pet/views/show.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
+<title><%= pet.name %></title>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+<h1><%= pet.name %> <a href="/pet/<%= pet.id %>/edit">edit</a></h1>
+
+<p>You are viewing <%= pet.name %></p>
+</body>
+</html>

examples/mvc/controllers/pet/views/show.jade

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-link(rel='stylesheet', href='/style.css')
-
-h1= pet.name
-  a(href='/pet/#{pet.id}/edit')  edit
-
-p You are viewing #{pet.name}

examples/mvc/controllers/user/index.js

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 
 var db = require('../../db');
 
+exports.engine = 'hbs';
+
 exports.before = function(req, res, next){
   var id = req.params.user_id;
   if (!id) return next();

examples/mvc/controllers/user/views/edit.hbs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
+  <title>Edit {{user.name}}</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <h1>{{user.name}}</h1>
+  <form action="/user/{{user.id}}?_method=put" method="post">
+    <label for="user[name]">Name:
+      <input type="text" name="user[name]" value="{{user.name}}">
+    </label>
+
+    <input type="submit" name="submit" value="Update">
+  </form>
+
+  <form action="/user/{{user.id}}/pet" method="post">
+    <label for="pet[name]">Pet:
+      <input type="text" name="pet[name]" placeholder="Pet Name">
+    </label>
+
+    <input type="submit" name="submit" value="Add">
+  </form>
+</body>
+</html>

examples/mvc/controllers/user/views/edit.jade

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-link(rel='stylesheet', href='/style.css')
-h1= user.name
-form(action='/user/#{user.id}?_method=put', method='post')
-  label= 'Name: '
-    input(type='text', name='user[name]', value='#{user.name}')
-  input(type='submit', value='Update')
-
-form(action='/user/#{user.id}/pet', method='post')
-  label= 'Pet: '
-    input(type='text', name='pet[name]', placeholder='Name')
-  input(type='submit', value='Add')

examples/mvc/controllers/user/views/list.hbs

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
+  <title>Users</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <h1>Users</h1>
+  <p>Click a user below to view their pets.</p>
+  <ul>
+    {{#each users}}
+      <li><a href="/user/{{id}}">{{name}}</a></li>
+    {{/each}}
+  </ul>
+</body>
+</html>

examples/mvc/controllers/user/views/list.jade

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-link(rel='stylesheet', href='/style.css')
-h1 Users
-p Click a user below to view their pets.
-ul
-  each user in users
-    li
-      a(href='/user/#{user.id}')= user.name

examples/mvc/controllers/user/views/show.hbs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
+  <title>{{user.name}}</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+<h1>{{user.name}} <a href="/user/{{user.id}}/edit">edit</a></h1>
+
+{{#if hasMessages}}
+  <ul>
+    {{#each messages}}
+      <li>{{this}}</li>
+    {{/each}}
+  </ul>
+{{/if}}
+
+{{#if user.pets.length}}
+  <p>View {{user.name}}'s pets:</p>
+  <ul>
+    {{#each user.pets}}
+      <li><a href="/pet/{{id}}">{{name}}</a></li>
+    {{/each}}
+  </ul>
+{{else}}
+  <p>No pets!</p>
+{{/if}}
+</body>
+</html>

examples/mvc/controllers/user/views/show.jade

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-link(rel='stylesheet', href='/style.css')
-h1= user.name + ' '
-  a(href='/user/#{user.id}/edit') edit
-
-if (hasMessages)
-  ul#messages
-    each msg in messages
-      li= msg
-
-if (user.pets.length)
-  p View #{user.name}'s pets:
-  ul
-    each pet in user.pets
-      li
-        a(href='/pet/#{pet.id}')= pet.name
-else
-  p No pets!

examples/mvc/db.js

@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ var users = exports.users = [];
 
 users.push({ name: 'TJ', pets: [pets[0], pets[1], pets[2]], id: 0  });
 users.push({ name: 'Guillermo', pets: [pets[3]], id: 1 });
-users.push({ name: 'Nathan', pets: [], id: 2 });
+users.push({ name: 'Nathan', pets: [], id: 2 });

examples/mvc/index.js

@@ -4,20 +4,19 @@
 
 var express = require('../..');
 var logger = require('morgan');
+var path = require('path');
 var session = require('express-session');
 var bodyParser = require('body-parser');
 var methodOverride = require('method-override');
 
 var app = module.exports = express();
 
-// settings
-
-// set our default template engine to "jade"
-// which prevents the need for extensions
-app.set('view engine', 'jade');
+// set our default template engine to "ejs"
+// which prevents the need for using file extensions
+app.set('view engine', 'ejs');
 
 // set views for error and 404 pages
-app.set('views', __dirname + '/views');
+app.set('views', path.join(__dirname, 'views'));
 
 // define a custom res.message() method
 // which stores messages in the session
@@ -34,10 +33,14 @@ app.response.message = function(msg){
 if (!module.parent) app.use(logger('dev'));
 
 // serve static files
-app.use(express.static(__dirname + '/public'));
+app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'public')));
 
 // session support
-app.use(session({ secret: 'some secret here' }));
+app.use(session({
+  resave: false, // don't save session if unmodified
+  saveUninitialized: false, // don't create session until something stored
+  secret: 'some secret here'
+}));
 
 // parse request bodies (req.body)
 app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: true }));

examples/mvc/lib/boot.js

@@ -4,22 +4,26 @@
 
 var express = require('../../..');
 var fs = require('fs');
+var path = require('path');
 
 module.exports = function(parent, options){
+  var dir = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'controllers');
   var verbose = options.verbose;
-  fs.readdirSync(__dirname + '/../controllers').forEach(function(name){
+  fs.readdirSync(dir).forEach(function(name){
+    var file = path.join(dir, name)
+    if (!fs.statSync(file).isDirectory()) return;
     verbose && console.log('\n   %s:', name);
-    var obj = require('./../controllers/' + name);
+    var obj = require(file);
     var name = obj.name || name;
     var prefix = obj.prefix || '';
     var app = express();
     var handler;
     var method;
-    var path;
+    var url;
 
     // allow specifying the view engine
     if (obj.engine) app.set('view engine', obj.engine);
-    app.set('views', __dirname + '/../controllers/' + name + '/views');
+    app.set('views', path.join(__dirname, '..', 'controllers', name, 'views'));
 
     // generate routes based
     // on the exported methods
@@ -30,27 +34,27 @@ module.exports = function(parent, options){
       switch (key) {
         case 'show':
           method = 'get';
-          path = '/' + name + '/:' + name + '_id';
+          url = '/' + name + '/:' + name + '_id';
           break;
         case 'list':
           method = 'get';
-          path = '/' + name + 's';
+          url = '/' + name + 's';
           break;
         case 'edit':
           method = 'get';
-          path = '/' + name + '/:' + name + '_id/edit';
+          url = '/' + name + '/:' + name + '_id/edit';
           break;
         case 'update':
           method = 'put';
-          path = '/' + name + '/:' + name + '_id';
+          url = '/' + name + '/:' + name + '_id';
           break;
         case 'create':
           method = 'post';
-          path = '/' + name;
+          url = '/' + name;
           break;
         case 'index':
           method = 'get';
-          path = '/';
+          url = '/';
           break;
         default:
           /* istanbul ignore next */
@@ -59,15 +63,15 @@ module.exports = function(parent, options){
 
       // setup
       handler = obj[key];
-      path = prefix + path;
+      url = prefix + url;
 
       // before middleware support
       if (obj.before) {
-        app[method](path, obj.before, handler);
-        verbose && console.log('     %s %s -> before -> %s', method.toUpperCase(), path, key);
+        app[method](url, obj.before, handler);
+        verbose && console.log('     %s %s -> before -> %s', method.toUpperCase(), url, key);
       } else {
-        app[method](path, obj[key]);
-        verbose && console.log('     %s %s -> %s', method.toUpperCase(), path, key);
+        app[method](url, handler);
+        verbose && console.log('     %s %s -> %s', method.toUpperCase(), url, key);
       }
     }
 

examples/mvc/views/404.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <title>Not Found</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>404: Not Found</h1>
+    <p>Sorry we can't find <%= url %></p>
+  </body>
+</html>

examples/mvc/views/404.jade

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-link(rel='stylesheet', href='/style.css')
-h1 404: Not Found
-p Sorry we can't find #{url}

examples/mvc/views/5xx.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <title>Internal Server Error</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>500: Internal Server Error</h1>
+    <p>Looks like something blew up!</p>
+  </body>
+</html>

examples/mvc/views/5xx.jade

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-link(rel='stylesheet', href='/style.css')
-h1 500: Internal Server Error
-p Looks like something blew up!

examples/online/index.js

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-// first:
+
+// install redis first:
+// https://redis.io/
+
+// then:
 // $ npm install redis online
 // $ redis-server
 

examples/params/index.js

@@ -15,12 +15,20 @@ var users = [
   , { name: 'bandit' }
 ];
 
+// Create HTTP error
+
+function createError(status, message) {
+  var err = new Error(message);
+  err.status = status;
+  return err;
+}
+
 // Convert :to and :from to integers
 
 app.param(['to', 'from'], function(req, res, next, num, name){
   req.params[name] = parseInt(num, 10);
   if( isNaN(req.params[name]) ){
-    next(new Error('failed to parseInt '+num));
+    next(createError(400, 'failed to parseInt '+num));
   } else {
     next();
   }
@@ -32,7 +40,7 @@ app.param('user', function(req, res, next, id){
   if (req.user = users[id]) {
     next();
   } else {
-    next(new Error('failed to find user'));
+    next(createError(404, 'failed to find user'));
   }
 });
 
@@ -60,7 +68,7 @@ app.get('/users/:from-:to', function(req, res, next){
   var from = req.params.from;
   var to = req.params.to;
   var names = users.map(function(user){ return user.name; });
-  res.send('users ' + names.slice(from, to).join(', '));
+  res.send('users ' + names.slice(from, to + 1).join(', '));
 });
 
 /* istanbul ignore next */

examples/resource/index.js

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ app.resource('/users', User);
 
 app.get('/', function(req, res){
   res.send([
-      '<h1>Examples:</h1> <ul>'
+    '<h1>Examples:</h1> <ul>'
     , '<li>GET /users</li>'
     , '<li>GET /users/1</li>'
     , '<li>GET /users/3</li>'

examples/route-separation/index.js

@@ -3,23 +3,32 @@
  */
 
 var express = require('../..');
+var path = require('path');
 var app = express();
 var logger = require('morgan');
 var cookieParser = require('cookie-parser');
 var bodyParser = require('body-parser');
+var methodOverride = require('method-override');
 var site = require('./site');
 var post = require('./post');
 var user = require('./user');
 
+module.exports = app;
+
 // Config
 
-app.set('view engine', 'jade');
-app.set('views', __dirname + '/views');
-app.use(logger('dev'));
+app.set('view engine', 'ejs');
+app.set('views', path.join(__dirname, 'views'));
+
+/* istanbul ignore next */
+if (!module.parent) {
+  app.use(logger('dev'));
+}
+
 app.use(methodOverride('_method'));
 app.use(cookieParser());
 app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: true }));
-app.use(express.static(__dirname + '/public'));
+app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'public')));
 
 // General
 
@@ -27,7 +36,7 @@ app.get('/', site.index);
 
 // User
 
-app.all('/users', user.list);
+app.get('/users', user.list);
 app.all('/user/:id/:op?', user.load);
 app.get('/user/:id', user.view);
 app.get('/user/:id/view', user.view);

examples/route-separation/site.js

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 exports.index = function(req, res){
   res.render('index', { title: 'Route Separation Example' });
-};
+};

examples/route-separation/user.js

@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ exports.load = function(req, res, next){
   if (req.user) {
     next();
   } else {
-    next(new Error('cannot find user ' + id));
+    var err = new Error('cannot find user ' + id);
+    err.status = 404;
+    next(err);
   }
 };
 
@@ -40,4 +42,4 @@ exports.update = function(req, res){
   req.user.name = user.name;
   req.user.email = user.email;
   res.redirect('back');
-};
+};

examples/route-separation/views/footer.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+</body>
+</html>

examples/route-separation/views/header.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <title><%= title %></title>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
+</head>
+<body>

examples/route-separation/views/index.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<% include header %>
+
+<h1><%= title %></h1>
+
+<ul>
+  <li>Visit the <a href="/users">users</a> page.</li>
+  <li>Visit the <a href="/posts">posts</a> page.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<% include footer %>

examples/route-separation/views/index.jade

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-extends layout
-
-block content
-  ul
-    li Visit the <a href="/users">users</a> page
-    li Visit the <a href="/posts">posts</a> page

examples/route-separation/views/layout.jade

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-html
-  head
-    title= title
-    link(href="/style.css", rel="stylesheet")
-  body
-    block content

examples/route-separation/views/posts/index.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<% include ../header %>
+
+<h1>Posts</h1>
+
+<dl id="posts">
+  <% posts.forEach(function(post) { %>
+    <dt><%= post.title %></dt>
+    <dd><%= post.body %></dd>
+  <% }) %>
+</dl>
+
+<% include ../footer %>

examples/route-separation/views/posts/index.jade

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-extends ../layout
-
-block content
-  h1 Posts
-  dl#posts
-    for post in posts
-      dt= post.title
-      dd= post.body

examples/route-separation/views/users/edit.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<% include ../header %>
+
+<h1>Editing <%= user.name %></h1>
+
+<div id="user">
+  <form action="?_method=put", method="post">
+    <p>
+      Name:
+      <input type="text" value="<%= user.name %>" name="user[name]" />
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+      Email:
+      <input type="email" value="<%= user.email %>" name="user[email]" />
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+      <input type="submit" value="Save" />
+    </p>
+  </form>
+</div>
+
+<% include ../footer %>

examples/route-separation/views/users/edit.jade

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-extends ../layout
-
-block content
-  h1 Editing #{user.name}
-  #user
-    form(action="?_method=put", method="post")
-      p Name: 
-        input(type="text", value= user.name, name="user[name]")
-      p Email: 
-        input(type="text", value= user.email, name="user[email]")
-      p 
-        input(type="submit", value="Save")

examples/route-separation/views/users/index.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<% include ../header %>
+
+<h1><%= title %></h1>
+
+<div id="users">
+  <% users.forEach(function(user, index) { %>
+    <li>
+      <a href="/user/<%= index %>"><%= user.name %></a>
+      <a href="/user/<%= index %>/edit">edit</a>
+    </li>
+  <% }) %>
+</div>
+
+<% include ../footer %>

examples/route-separation/views/users/index.jade

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-extends ../layout
-
-block content
-  h1 Users
-  #users
-    for user, i in users
-      li
-        a(href="/user/#{i}")= user.name
-        a.edit(href="/user/#{i}/edit") edit

examples/route-separation/views/users/view.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<% include ../header %>
+
+<h1><%= user.name %></h1>
+
+<div id="user">
+  <p>Email: <%= user.email %></p>
+</div>
+
+<% include ../footer %>

examples/route-separation/views/users/view.jade

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-extends ../layout
-
-block content
-  h1= user.name
-  #user
-    p Email: #{user.email}

examples/search/index.js

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-// first:
+
+// install redis first:
+// https://redis.io/
+
+// then:
 // $ npm install redis
 // $ redis-server
 
@@ -7,6 +11,7 @@
  */
 
 var express = require('../..');
+var path = require('path');
 var redis = require('redis');
 
 var db = redis.createClient();
@@ -15,8 +20,7 @@ var db = redis.createClient();
 
 var app = express();
 
-app.set('view engine', 'jade');
-app.set('views', __dirname);
+app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'public')));
 
 // populate search
 
@@ -26,14 +30,6 @@ db.sadd('ferret', 'jane');
 db.sadd('cat', 'manny');
 db.sadd('cat', 'luna');
 
-/**
- * GET the search page.
- */
-
-app.get('/', function(req, res){
-  res.render('search');
-});
-
 /**
  * GET search for :query.
  */
@@ -47,14 +43,14 @@ app.get('/search/:query?', function(req, res){
 });
 
 /**
- * GET client javascript. Here we use sendfile()
+ * GET client javascript. Here we use sendFile()
  * because serving __dirname with the static() middleware
  * would also mean serving our server "index.js" and the "search.jade"
  * template.
  */
 
 app.get('/client.js', function(req, res){
-  res.sendfile(__dirname + '/client.js');
+  res.sendFile(path.join(__dirname, 'client.js'));
 });
 
 /* istanbul ignore next */

examples/search/public/client.js

@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ search.addEventListener('keyup', function(){
     }
   };
   xhr.send();
-}, false);
+}, false);

examples/search/public/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <title>Search example</title>
+  <style type="text/css">
+    body {
+      font: 14px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica;
+      padding: 50px;
+    }
+  </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <h2>Search</h2>
+  <p>Try searching for "ferret" or "cat".</p>
+  <input type="search" name="search" value="" />
+  <pre />
+  <script src="/client.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
+</body>
+</html>

examples/search/search.jade

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-doctype
-html
-  head
-    title Search example
-    style.
-      body {
-        font: 14px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica;
-        padding: 50px;
-      }
-  body
-    h2 Search
-    p Try searching for "ferret" or "cat".
-    input(type='search')
-    pre
-    script(src='client.js')

examples/session/index.js

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-// first:
+
+// install redis first:
+// https://redis.io/
+
+// then:
 // $ npm install redis
 // $ redis-server
 
@@ -8,7 +12,11 @@ var session = require('express-session');
 var app = express();
 
 // Populates req.session
-app.use(session({ secret: 'keyboard cat' }));
+app.use(session({
+  resave: false, // don't save session if unmodified
+  saveUninitialized: false, // don't create session until something stored
+  secret: 'keyboard cat'
+}));
 
 app.get('/', function(req, res){
   var body = '';

examples/session/redis.js

@@ -15,7 +15,12 @@ var app = express();
 app.use(logger('dev'));
 
 // Populates req.session
-app.use(session({ store: new RedisStore, secret: 'keyboard cat' }));
+app.use(session({
+  resave: false, // don't save session if unmodified
+  saveUninitialized: false, // don't create session until something stored
+  secret: 'keyboard cat',
+  store: new RedisStore
+}));
 
 app.get('/', function(req, res){
   var body = '';

examples/static-files/index.js

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 var express = require('../..');
 var logger = require('morgan');
+var path = require('path');
 var app = express();
 
 // log requests
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ app.use(logger('dev'));
 // that you pass it. In this case "GET /js/app.js"
 // will look for "./public/js/app.js".
 
-app.use(express.static(__dirname + '/public'));
+app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'public')));
 
 // if you wanted to "prefix" you may use
 // the mounting feature of Connect, for example
@@ -24,13 +25,13 @@ app.use(express.static(__dirname + '/public'));
 // The mount-path "/static" is simply removed before
 // passing control to the express.static() middleware,
 // thus it serves the file correctly by ignoring "/static"
-app.use('/static', express.static(__dirname + '/public'));
+app.use('/static', express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'public')));
 
 // if for some reason you want to serve files from
 // several directories, you can use express.static()
 // multiple times! Here we're passing "./public/css",
 // this will allow "GET /style.css" instead of "GET /css/style.css":
-app.use(express.static(__dirname + '/public/css'));
+app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'public', 'css')));
 
 app.listen(3000);
 console.log('listening on port 3000');

examples/static-files/public/js/app.js

@@ -1 +1 @@
-foo
+foo