4.16.2

fixes #3445

.editorconfig

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# http://editorconfig.org
+root = true
+
+[*]
+charset = utf-8
+insert_final_newline = true
+trim_trailing_whitespace = true
+
+[{*.js,*.json,*.yml}]
+indent_size = 2
+indent_style = space

.eslintignore

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+coverage
+node_modules

.eslintrc

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "rules": {
+    "eol-last": "error",
+    "indent": ["error", 2, { "SwitchCase": 1 }],
+    "no-trailing-spaces": "error",
+    "no-unused-vars": ["error", { "vars": "all", "args": "none", "ignoreRestSiblings": true }]
+  }
+}

.gitignore

@@ -1,18 +1,27 @@
-coverage.html
-.DS_Store
-lib-cov
-*.seed
+# OS X
+.DS_Store*
+Icon?
+._*
+
+# Windows
+Thumbs.db
+ehthumbs.db
+Desktop.ini
+
+# Linux
+.directory
+*~
+
+
+# npm
+node_modules
+package-lock.json
 *.log
-*.csv
-*.dat
-*.out
-*.pid
-*.swp
-*.swo
+*.gz
+
+
+# Coveralls
+coverage
+
+# Benchmarking
 benchmarks/graphs
-testing
-node_modules/
-testing
-.coverage_data
-cover_html
-test.js

.npmignore

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-.git*
-docs/
-examples/
-support/
-test/
-testing.js
-.DS_Store
-coverage.html
-lib-cov

.travis.yml

@@ -1,3 +1,39 @@
 language: node_js
 node_js:
-  - 0.6
+  - "0.10"
+  - "0.12"
+  - "1.8"
+  - "2.5"
+  - "3.3"
+  - "4.8"
+  - "5.12"
+  - "6.11"
+  - "7.10"
+  - "8.4"
+matrix:
+  include:
+    - node_js: "8"
+      env: "NVM_NODEJS_ORG_MIRROR=https://nodejs.org/download/nightly"
+    - node_js: "9"
+      env: "NVM_NODEJS_ORG_MIRROR=https://nodejs.org/download/nightly"
+  allow_failures:
+    # Allow the nightly installs to fail
+    - env: "NVM_NODEJS_ORG_MIRROR=https://nodejs.org/download/nightly"
+sudo: false
+cache:
+  directories:
+    - node_modules
+before_install:
+  # Skip updating shrinkwrap / lock
+  - "npm config set shrinkwrap false"
+
+  # Remove all non-test dependencies
+  - "npm rm --save-dev connect-redis"
+
+  # Update Node.js modules
+  - "test ! -d node_modules || npm prune"
+  - "test ! -d node_modules || npm rebuild"
+script:
+  - "npm run test-ci"
+  - "npm run lint"
+after_script: "npm install coveralls@2.10.0 && cat ./coverage/lcov.info | coveralls"

Collaborator-Guide.md

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+
+## Website Issues
+
+Open issues for the expressjs.com website in https://github.com/expressjs/expressjs.com.
+
+## PRs and Code contributions
+
+* Tests must pass.
+* Follow the [JavaScript Standard Style](http://standardjs.com/) and `npm run lint`.
+* If you fix a bug, add a test.
+
+## Branches
+
+Use the `master` branch for bug fixes or minor work that is intended for the
+current release stream.
+
+Use the correspondingly named branch, e.g. `5.0`, for anything intended for
+a future release of Express.
+
+## Steps for contributing
+
+1. [Create an issue](https://github.com/expressjs/express/issues/new) for the
+   bug you want to fix or the feature that you want to add.
+2. Create your own [fork](https://github.com/expressjs/express) on github, then
+   checkout your fork.
+3. Write your code in your local copy. It's good practice to create a branch for
+   each new issue you work on, although not compulsory.
+4. To run the test suite, first install the dependencies by running `npm install`,
+   then run `npm test`.
+5. Ensure your code is linted by running `npm run lint` -- fix any issue you
+   see listed.
+6. If the tests pass, you can commit your changes to your fork and then create
+   a pull request from there. Make sure to reference your issue from the pull
+   request comments by including the issue number e.g. `#123`.
+
+## Issues which are questions
+
+We will typically close any vague issues or questions that are specific to some
+app you are writing. Please double check the docs and other references before
+being trigger happy with posting a question issue.
+
+Things that will help get your question issue looked at:
+
+* Full and runnable JS code.
+* Clear description of the problem or unexpected behavior.
+* Clear description of the expected result.
+* Steps you have taken to debug it yourself.
+
+If you post a question and do not outline the above items or make it easy for
+us to understand and reproduce your issue, it will be closed.

Contributing.md

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# Express.js Community Contributing Guide 1.0
+
+The goal of this document is to create a contribution process that:
+
+* Encourages new contributions.
+* Encourages contributors to remain involved.
+* Avoids unnecessary processes and bureaucracy whenever possible.
+* Creates a transparent decision making process that makes it clear how
+contributors can be involved in decision making.
+
+## Vocabulary
+
+* A **Contributor** is any individual creating or commenting on an issue or pull request.
+* A **Committer** is a subset of contributors who have been given write access to the repository.
+* A **TC (Technical Committee)** is a group of committers representing the required technical
+expertise to resolve rare disputes.
+
+# Logging Issues
+
+Log an issue for any question or problem you might have. When in doubt, log an issue, and
+any additional policies about what to include will be provided in the responses. The only
+exception is security dislosures which should be sent privately.
+
+Committers may direct you to another repository, ask for additional clarifications, and
+add appropriate metadata before the issue is addressed.
+
+Please be courteous and respectful. Every participant is expected to follow the
+project's Code of Conduct.
+
+# Contributions
+
+Any change to resources in this repository must be through pull requests. This applies to all changes
+to documentation, code, binary files, etc. Even long term committers and TC members must use
+pull requests.
+
+No pull request can be merged without being reviewed.
+
+For non-trivial contributions, pull requests should sit for at least 36 hours to ensure that
+contributors in other timezones have time to review. Consideration should also be given to
+weekends and other holiday periods to ensure active committers all have reasonable time to
+become involved in the discussion and review process if they wish.
+
+The default for each contribution is that it is accepted once no committer has an objection.
+During review committers may also request that a specific contributor who is most versed in a
+particular area gives a "LGTM" before the PR can be merged. There is no additional "sign off"
+process for contributions to land. Once all issues brought by committers are addressed it can
+be landed by any committer.
+
+In the case of an objection being raised in a pull request by another committer, all involved
+committers should seek to arrive at a consensus by way of addressing concerns being expressed
+by discussion, compromise on the proposed change, or withdrawal of the proposed change.
+
+If a contribution is controversial and committers cannot agree about how to get it to land
+or if it should land then it should be escalated to the TC. TC members should regularly
+discuss pending contributions in order to find a resolution. It is expected that only a
+small minority of issues be brought to the TC for resolution and that discussion and
+compromise among committers be the default resolution mechanism.
+
+# Becoming a Committer
+
+All contributors who land a non-trivial contribution should be on-boarded in a timely manner,
+and added as a committer, and be given write access to the repository.
+
+Committers are expected to follow this policy and continue to send pull requests, go through
+proper review, and have other committers merge their pull requests.
+
+# TC Process
+
+The TC uses a "consensus seeking" process for issues that are escalated to the TC.
+The group tries to find a resolution that has no open objections among TC members.
+If a consensus cannot be reached that has no objections then a majority wins vote
+is called. It is also expected that the majority of decisions made by the TC are via
+a consensus seeking process and that voting is only used as a last-resort.
+
+Resolution may involve returning the issue to committers with suggestions on how to
+move forward towards a consensus. It is not expected that a meeting of the TC
+will resolve all issues on its agenda during that meeting and may prefer to continue
+the discussion happening among the committers.
+
+Members can be added to the TC at any time. Any committer can nominate another committer
+to the TC and the TC uses its standard consensus seeking process to evaluate whether or
+not to add this new member. Members who do not participate consistently at the level of
+a majority of the other members are expected to resign.
+
+

LICENSE

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 (The MIT License)
 
-Copyright (c) 2009-2011 TJ Holowaychuk <tj@vision-media.ca>
+Copyright (c) 2009-2014 TJ Holowaychuk <tj@vision-media.ca>
+Copyright (c) 2013-2014 Roman Shtylman <shtylman+expressjs@gmail.com>
+Copyright (c) 2014-2015 Douglas Christopher Wilson <doug@somethingdoug.com>
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -19,4 +21,4 @@ MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
 CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
 TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
-SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Makefile

@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-
-REPORTER = dot
-
-docs: docs/express.md
-
-docs/express.md: docs/application.md docs/request.md docs/response.md
-	cat $^ > $@
-
-docs/%.md: lib/%.js
-	@mkdir -p docs
-	dox --raw < $< | ./support/docs > $@
-
-test:
-	@NODE_ENV=test ./node_modules/.bin/mocha \
-		--reporter $(REPORTER)
-
-test-acceptance:
-	@NODE_ENV=test ./node_modules/.bin/mocha \
-		--reporter spec \
-		test/acceptance/*.js
-
-test-cov: lib-cov
-	@EXPRESS_COV=1 $(MAKE) test REPORTER=html-cov > coverage.html
-
-lib-cov:
-	@jscoverage lib lib-cov
-
-docclean:
-	rm -fr docs
-
-benchmark:
-	@./support/bench
-
-.PHONY: docs docclean test test-acceptance benchmark

Readme-Guide.md

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+# README guidelines
+
+Every module in the expressjs, pillarjs, and jshttp organizations should have
+a README file named `README.md`. The purpose of the README is to:
+
+- Explain the purpose of the module and how to use it.
+- Act as a landing page (both on GitHub and npmjs.com) for the module to help
+  people find it via search. Middleware module READMEs are also incorporated
+  into https://expressjs.com/en/resources/middleware.html.
+- Encourage community contributions and participation.
+
+Use the [README template](https://github.com/expressjs/express/wiki/README-template)
+to quickly create a new README file.
+
+## Top-level items
+
+**Badges** (optional): At the very top (with no subheading), include any
+applicable badges, such as npm version/downloads, build status, test coverage,
+and so on. Badges should resolve properly (not display a broken image).
+
+Possible badges include:
+- npm version: `[![NPM Version][npm-image]][npm-url]`
+- npm downloads: `[![NPM Downloads][downloads-image]][downloads-url]`
+- Build status: `[![Build Status][travis-image]][travis-url]`
+- Test coverage: `[![Test Coverage][coveralls-image]][coveralls-url]`
+- Tips: `[![Gratipay][gratipay-image]][gratipay-url]`
+
+**Summary**: Following badges, provide a one- or two-sentence description of
+what the module does. This should be the same as the npmjs.org blurb (which
+comes from the description property of `package.json`). Since npm doesn't
+handle markdown for the blurb, avoid using markdown in the summary sentence.
+
+**TOC** (Optional): For longer READMEs, provide a table of contents that has
+a relative link to each section. A tool such as
+[doctoc](https://www.npmjs.com/package/doctoc) makes it very easy to generate
+a TOC.
+
+## Overview
+
+Optionally, include a section of one or two paragraphs with more high-level
+information on what the module does, what problems it solves, why one would
+use it and how.  Don't just repeat what's in the summary.
+
+## Installation
+
+Required. This section is typically just:
+
+```sh
+$ npm install module-name
+```
+
+But include any other steps or requirements.
+
+NOTE: Use the `sh` code block to make the shell command display properly on
+the website.
+
+## Basic use
+
+- Provide a general description of how to use the module with code sample.
+  Include any important caveats or restrictions.
+- Explain the most common use cases.
+- Optional: a simple "hello world" type example (where applicable). This
+  example is in addition to the more comprehensive [example section](#examples)
+  later.
+
+## API
+
+Provide complete API documentation.
+
+Formatting conventions: Each function is listed in a 3rd-level heading (`###`),
+like this:
+
+```
+### Function_name(arg, options [, optional_arg]  ... )
+```
+
+**Options objects**
+
+For arguments that are objects (for example, options object), describe the
+properties in a table, as follows. This matches the formatting used in the
+[Express API docs](https://expressjs.com/en/4x/api.html).
+
+|Property | Description | Type | Default|
+|----------|-----------|------------|-------------|
+|Name of the property in `monospace`. | Brief description | String, Number, Boolean, etc. | If applicable.|
+
+If all the properties are required (i.e. there are no defaults), then you
+can omit the default column.
+
+Instead of very lengthy descriptions, link out to subsequent paragraphs for
+more detailed explanation of specific cases (e.g. "When this property is set
+to 'foobar', xyz happens; see <link to following section >.)
+
+If there are options properties that are themselves options, use additional
+tables. See [`trust proxy` and `etag` properties](https://expressjs.com/en/4x/api.html#app.settings.table).
+
+## Examples
+
+Every README should have at least one example; ideally more.  For code samples,
+be sure to use the `js` code block, for proper display in the website, e.g.:
+
+```js
+var csurf = require('csurf')
+...
+```
+
+## Tests
+
+What tests are included.
+
+How to run them.
+
+The convention for running tests is `npm test`. All our projects should follow
+this convention.
+
+## Contributors
+
+Names of module "owners" (lead developers) and other developers who have
+contributed.
+
+## License
+
+Link to the license, with a short description of what it is, e.g. "MIT" or
+whatever. Ideally, avoid putting the license text directly in the README; link
+to it instead.

Readme.md

@@ -1,183 +1,153 @@
-
-![express logo](http://f.cl.ly/items/0V2S1n0K1i3y1c122g04/Screen%20Shot%202012-04-11%20at%209.59.42%20AM.png)
+[![Express Logo](https://i.cloudup.com/zfY6lL7eFa-3000x3000.png)](http://expressjs.com/)
 
   Fast, unopinionated, minimalist web framework for [node](http://nodejs.org).
 
+  [![NPM Version][npm-image]][npm-url]
+  [![NPM Downloads][downloads-image]][downloads-url]
+  [![Linux Build][travis-image]][travis-url]
+  [![Windows Build][appveyor-image]][appveyor-url]
+  [![Test Coverage][coveralls-image]][coveralls-url]
+
 ```js
-var express = require('express');
-var app = express();
+var express = require('express')
+var app = express()
 
-app.get('/', function(req, res){
-  res.send('Hello World');
-});
+app.get('/', function (req, res) {
+  res.send('Hello World')
+})
 
-app.listen(3000);
+app.listen(3000)
 ```
 
 ## Installation
 
-    $ npm install -g express
+This is a [Node.js](https://nodejs.org/en/) module available through the
+[npm registry](https://www.npmjs.com/).
 
- To install the 3.0 alpha:
- 
-    $ npm install -g express@3.0
+Before installing, [download and install Node.js](https://nodejs.org/en/download/).
+Node.js 0.10 or higher is required.
 
-## Quick Start
+Installation is done using the
+[`npm install` command](https://docs.npmjs.com/getting-started/installing-npm-packages-locally):
 
- The quickest way to get started with express is to utilize the executable `express(1)` to generate an application as shown below:
+```bash
+$ npm install express
+```
 
- Create the app:
-
-    $ npm install -g express
-    $ express /tmp/foo && cd /tmp/foo
-
- Install dependencies:
-
-    $ npm install
-
- Start the server:
-
-    $ node app
+Follow [our installing guide](http://expressjs.com/en/starter/installing.html)
+for more information.
 
 ## Features
 
-  * Built on [Connect](http://github.com/senchalabs/connect)
   * Robust routing
+  * Focus on high performance
+  * Super-high test coverage
   * HTTP helpers (redirection, caching, etc)
   * View system supporting 14+ template engines
   * Content negotiation
-  * Focus on high performance
-  * Environment based configuration
   * Executable for generating applications quickly
-  * High test coverage
+
+## Docs & Community
+
+  * [Website and Documentation](http://expressjs.com/) - [[website repo](https://github.com/expressjs/expressjs.com)]
+  * [#express](https://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=express) on freenode IRC
+  * [GitHub Organization](https://github.com/expressjs) for Official Middleware & Modules
+  * Visit the [Wiki](https://github.com/expressjs/express/wiki)
+  * [Google Group](https://groups.google.com/group/express-js) for discussion
+  * [Gitter](https://gitter.im/expressjs/express) for support and discussion
+
+**PROTIP** Be sure to read [Migrating from 3.x to 4.x](https://github.com/expressjs/express/wiki/Migrating-from-3.x-to-4.x) as well as [New features in 4.x](https://github.com/expressjs/express/wiki/New-features-in-4.x).
+
+### Security Issues
+
+If you discover a security vulnerability in Express, please see [Security Policies and Procedures](Security.md).
+
+## Quick Start
+
+  The quickest way to get started with express is to utilize the executable [`express(1)`](https://github.com/expressjs/generator) to generate an application as shown below:
+
+  Install the executable. The executable's major version will match Express's:
+
+```bash
+$ npm install -g express-generator@4
+```
+
+  Create the app:
+
+```bash
+$ express /tmp/foo && cd /tmp/foo
+```
+
+  Install dependencies:
+
+```bash
+$ npm install
+```
+
+  Start the server:
+
+```bash
+$ npm start
+```
 
 ## Philosophy
 
-  The Express philosophy is to provide small, robust tooling for HTTP servers. Making
+  The Express philosophy is to provide small, robust tooling for HTTP servers, making
   it a great solution for single page applications, web sites, hybrids, or public
   HTTP APIs.
-  
-  Built on Connect you can use _only_ what you need, and nothing more, applications
-  can be as big or as small as you like, even a single file. Express does
-  not force you to use any specific ORM or template engine. With support for over
-  14 template engines via [Consolidate.js](http://github.com/visionmedia/consolidate.js)
+
+  Express does not force you to use any specific ORM or template engine. With support for over
+  14 template engines via [Consolidate.js](https://github.com/tj/consolidate.js),
   you can quickly craft your perfect framework.
 
-## More Information
+## Examples
 
-  * Join #express on freenode
-  * [Google Group](http://groups.google.com/group/express-js) for discussion
-  * Follow [tjholowaychuk](http://twitter.com/tjholowaychuk) on twitter for updates
-  * Visit the [Wiki](http://github.com/visionmedia/express/wiki)
-  * [日本語ドキュメンテーション](http://hideyukisaito.com/doc/expressjs/) by [hideyukisaito](https://github.com/hideyukisaito)
-  * [Русскоязычная документация](http://express-js.ru/)
+  To view the examples, clone the Express repo and install the dependencies:
 
-## Viewing Examples
-
-First install the dev dependencies to install all the example / test suite deps:
-
-    $ cd express
-    $ npm install -d
-
-then run whichever tests you want:
-
-    $ node examples/content-negotiation
-
-## Running Tests
-
-To run the test suite first invoke the following command within the repo, installing the development dependencies:
-
-    $ npm install
-
-then run the tests:
-
-    $ make test
-
-## Contributors
-
-```
-project: express
-commits: 3559
-active : 468 days
-files  : 237
-authors: 
- 1891	Tj Holowaychuk          53.1%
- 1285	visionmedia             36.1%
-  182	TJ Holowaychuk          5.1%
-   54	Aaron Heckmann          1.5%
-   34	csausdev                1.0%
-   26	ciaranj                 0.7%
-   21	Robert Sköld          0.6%
-    6	Guillermo Rauch         0.2%
-    3	Dav Glass               0.1%
-    3	Nick Poulden            0.1%
-    2	Randy Merrill           0.1%
-    2	Benny Wong              0.1%
-    2	Hunter Loftis           0.1%
-    2	Jake Gordon             0.1%
-    2	Brian McKinney          0.1%
-    2	Roman Shtylman          0.1%
-    2	Ben Weaver              0.1%
-    2	Dave Hoover             0.1%
-    2	Eivind Fjeldstad        0.1%
-    2	Daniel Shaw             0.1%
-    1	Matt Colyer             0.0%
-    1	Pau Ramon               0.0%
-    1	Pero Pejovic            0.0%
-    1	Peter Rekdal Sunde      0.0%
-    1	Raynos                  0.0%
-    1	Teng Siong Ong          0.0%
-    1	Viktor Kelemen          0.0%
-    1	ctide                   0.0%
-    1	8bitDesigner            0.0%
-    1	isaacs                  0.0%
-    1	mgutz                   0.0%
-    1	pikeas                  0.0%
-    1	shuwatto                0.0%
-    1	tstrimple               0.0%
-    1	ewoudj                  0.0%
-    1	Adam Sanderson          0.0%
-    1	Andrii Kostenko         0.0%
-    1	Andy Hiew               0.0%
-    1	Arpad Borsos            0.0%
-    1	Ashwin Purohit          0.0%
-    1	Benjen                  0.0%
-    1	Darren Torpey           0.0%
-    1	Greg Ritter             0.0%
-    1	Gregory Ritter          0.0%
-    1	James Herdman           0.0%
-    1	Jim Snodgrass           0.0%
-    1	Joe McCann              0.0%
-    1	Jonathan Dumaine        0.0%
-    1	Jonathan Palardy        0.0%
-    1	Jonathan Zacsh          0.0%
-    1	Justin Lilly            0.0%
-    1	Ken Sato                0.0%
-    1	Maciej Małecki         0.0%
-    1	Masahiro Hayashi        0.0%
+```bash
+$ git clone git://github.com/expressjs/express.git --depth 1
+$ cd express
+$ npm install
 ```
 
-## License 
+  Then run whichever example you want:
 
-(The MIT License)
+```bash
+$ node examples/content-negotiation
+```
 
-Copyright (c) 2009-2012 TJ Holowaychuk <tj@vision-media.ca>
+## Tests
 
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
-a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-'Software'), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
-permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
-the following conditions:
+  To run the test suite, first install the dependencies, then run `npm test`:
 
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
-included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+```bash
+$ npm install
+$ npm test
+```
 
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED 'AS IS', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
-EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
-IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
-CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
-TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
-SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+## People
+
+The original author of Express is [TJ Holowaychuk](https://github.com/tj) [![TJ's Gratipay][gratipay-image-visionmedia]][gratipay-url-visionmedia]
+
+The current lead maintainer is [Douglas Christopher Wilson](https://github.com/dougwilson) [![Doug's Gratipay][gratipay-image-dougwilson]][gratipay-url-dougwilson]
+
+[List of all contributors](https://github.com/expressjs/express/graphs/contributors)
+
+## License
+
+  [MIT](LICENSE)
+
+[npm-image]: https://img.shields.io/npm/v/express.svg
+[npm-url]: https://npmjs.org/package/express
+[downloads-image]: https://img.shields.io/npm/dm/express.svg
+[downloads-url]: https://npmjs.org/package/express
+[travis-image]: https://img.shields.io/travis/expressjs/express/master.svg?label=linux
+[travis-url]: https://travis-ci.org/expressjs/express
+[appveyor-image]: https://img.shields.io/appveyor/ci/dougwilson/express/master.svg?label=windows
+[appveyor-url]: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/dougwilson/express
+[coveralls-image]: https://img.shields.io/coveralls/expressjs/express/master.svg
+[coveralls-url]: https://coveralls.io/r/expressjs/express?branch=master
+[gratipay-image-visionmedia]: https://img.shields.io/gratipay/visionmedia.svg
+[gratipay-url-visionmedia]: https://gratipay.com/visionmedia/
+[gratipay-image-dougwilson]: https://img.shields.io/gratipay/dougwilson.svg
+[gratipay-url-dougwilson]: https://gratipay.com/dougwilson/

Release-Process.md

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+# Express Release Process
+
+This document contains the technical aspects of the Express release process. The
+intended audience is those who have been authorized by the Express Technical
+Committee (TC) to create, promote and sign official release builds for Express,
+as npm packages hosted on https://npmjs.com/package/express.
+
+## Who can make releases?
+
+Release authorization is given by the Express TC. Once authorized, an individual
+must have the following access permissions:
+
+### 1. Github release access
+
+The individual making the release will need to be a member of the
+expressjs/express team with Write permission level so they are able to tag the
+release commit and push changes to the expressjs/express repository
+(see Steps 4 and 5).
+
+### 2. npmjs.com release access
+
+The individual making the release will need to be made an owner on the
+`express` package on npmjs.com so they are able to publish the release
+(see Step 6).
+
+## How to publish a release
+
+Before publishing, the following preconditions should be met:
+
+- A release proposal issue or tracking pull request (see "Proposal branch"
+  below) will exist documenting:
+  - the proposed changes
+  - the type of release: patch, minor or major
+  - the version number (according to semantic versioning - http://semver.org)
+- The proposed changes should be complete.
+
+There are two main release flows: patch and non-patch.
+
+The patch flow is for making **patch releases**. As per semantic versioning,
+patch releases are for simple changes, eg: typo fixes, patch dependency updates,
+and simple/low-risk bug fixes. Every other type of change is made via the
+non-patch flow.
+
+### Branch terminology
+
+"Master branch"
+
+- There is a branch in git used for the current major version of Express, named
+  `master`.
+- This branch contains the completed commits for the next patch release of the
+  current major version.
+- Releases for the current major version are published from this branch.
+
+"Version branch"
+
+- For any given major version of Express (current, previous or next) there is
+  a branch in git for that release named `<major-version>.x` (eg: `4.x`).
+- This branch points to the commit of the latest tag for the given major version.
+
+"Release branch"
+
+- For any given major version of Express, there is a branch used for publishing
+  releases.
+- For the current major version of Express, the release branch is the
+  "Master branch" named `master`.
+- For all other major versions of Express, the release branch is the
+  "Version branch" named `<major-version>.x`.
+
+"Proposal branch"
+
+- A branch in git representing a proposed new release of Express. This can be a
+  minor or major release, named `<major-version>.0` for a major release,
+  `<major-version>.<minor-version>` for a minor release.
+- A tracking pull request should exist to document the proposed release,
+  targeted at the appropriate release branch. Prior to opening the tracking
+  pull request the content of the release may have be discussed in an issue.
+- This branch contains the commits accepted so far that implement the proposal
+  in the tracking pull request.
+
+### Patch flow
+
+In the patch flow, simple changes are committed to the release branch which
+acts as an ever-present branch for the next patch release of the associated
+major version of Express.
+
+The release branch is usually kept in a state where it is ready to release.
+Releases are made when sufficient time or change has been made to warrant it.
+This is usually proposed and decided using a github issue.
+
+### Non-patch flow
+
+In the non-patch flow, changes are committed to a temporary proposal branch
+created specifically for that release proposal. The branch is based on the
+most recent release of the major version of Express that the release targets.
+
+Releases are made when all the changes on a proposal branch are complete and
+approved. This is done by merging the proposal branch into the release branch
+(using a fast-forward merge), tagging it with the new version number and
+publishing the release package to npmjs.com.
+
+### Flow
+
+Below is a detailed description of the steps to publish a release.
+
+#### Step 1. Check the release is ready to publish
+
+Check any relevant information to ensure the release is ready, eg: any
+milestone, label, issue or tracking pull request for the release. The release
+is ready when all proposed code, tests and documentation updates are complete
+(either merged, closed or re-targeted to another release).
+
+#### Step 2. (Non-patch flow only) Merge the proposal branch into the release branch
+
+In the patch flow: skip this step.
+
+In the non-patch flow:
+```sh
+$ git checkout <release-branch>
+$ git merge --ff-only <proposal-branch>
+```
+
+<release-branch> - see "Release branch" of "Branches" above.
+<proposal-branch> - see "Proposal branch" of "Non-patch flow" above.
+
+**NOTE:** You may need to rebase the proposal branch to allow a fast-forward
+          merge. Using a fast-forward merge keeps the history clean as it does
+          not introduce merge commits.
+
+### Step 3. Update the History.md and package.json to the new version number
+
+The changes so far for the release should already be documented under the
+"unreleased" section at the top of the History.md file, as per the usual
+development practice. Change "unreleased" to the new release version / date.
+Example diff fragment:
+
+```diff
+-unreleased
+-==========
++4.13.3 / 2015-08-02
++===================
+```
+
+The version property in the package.json should already contain the version of
+the previous release. Change it to the new release version.
+
+Commit these changes together under a single commit with the message set to
+the new release version (eg: `4.13.3`):
+
+```sh
+$ git checkout <release-branch>
+<..edit files..>
+$ git add History.md package.json
+$ git commit -m '<version-number>'
+```
+
+### Step 4. Identify and tag the release commit with the new release version
+
+Create a lightweight tag (rather than an annotated tag) named after the new
+release version (eg: `4.13.3`).
+
+```sh
+$ git tag <version-number>
+```
+
+### Step 5. Push the release branch changes and tag to github
+
+The branch and tag should be pushed directly to the main repository
+(https://github.com/expressjs/express).
+
+```sh
+$ git push origin <release-branch>
+$ git push origin <version-number>
+```
+
+### Step 6. Publish to npmjs.com
+
+Ensure your local working copy is completely clean (no extra or changed files).
+You can use `git status` for this purpose.
+
+```sh
+$ npm login <npm-username>
+$ npm publish
+```
+
+**NOTE:** The version number to publish will be picked up automatically from
+          package.json.

Security.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Security Policies and Procedures
+
+This document outlines security procedures and general policies for the Express
+project.
+
+  * [Reporting a Bug](#reporting-a-bug)
+  * [Disclosure Policy](#disclosure-policy)
+  * [Comments on this Policy](#comments-on-this-policy)
+
+## Reporting a Bug
+
+The Express team and community take all security bugs in Express seriously.
+Thank you for improving the security of Express. We appreciate your efforts and
+responsible disclosure and will make every effort to acknowledge your
+contributions.
+
+Report security bugs by emailing the lead maintainer in the Readme.md file.
+
+The lead maintainer will acknowledge your email within 48 hours, and will send a
+more detailed response within 48 hours indicating the next steps in handling
+your report. After the initial reply to your report, the security team will
+endeavor to keep you informed of the progress towards a fix and full
+announcement, and may ask for additional information or guidance.
+
+Report security bugs in third-party modules to the person or team maintaining
+the module. You can also report a vulnerability through the
+[Node Security Project](https://nodesecurity.io/report).
+
+## Disclosure Policy
+
+When the security team receives a security bug report, they will assign it to a
+primary handler. This person will coordinate the fix and release process,
+involving the following steps:
+
+  * Confirm the problem and determine the affected versions.
+  * Audit code to find any potential similar problems.
+  * Prepare fixes for all releases still under maintenance. These fixes will be
+    released as fast as possible to npm.
+
+## Comments on this Policy
+
+If you have suggestions on how this process could be improved please submit a
+pull request.

appveyor.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+environment:
+  matrix:
+    - nodejs_version: "0.10"
+    - nodejs_version: "0.12"
+    - nodejs_version: "1.8"
+    - nodejs_version: "2.5"
+    - nodejs_version: "3.3"
+    - nodejs_version: "4.8"
+    - nodejs_version: "5.12"
+    - nodejs_version: "6.11"
+    - nodejs_version: "7.10"
+    - nodejs_version: "8.4"
+cache:
+  - node_modules
+install:
+  - ps: Install-Product node $env:nodejs_version
+  - npm config set shrinkwrap false
+  - npm rm --save-dev connect-redis
+  - if exist node_modules npm prune
+  - if exist node_modules npm rebuild
+  - npm install
+build: off
+test_script:
+  - node --version
+  - npm --version
+  - npm run test-ci
+  - npm run lint
+version: "{build}"

benchmarks/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+
+all:
+	@./run 1 middleware
+	@./run 5 middleware
+	@./run 10 middleware
+	@./run 15 middleware
+	@./run 20 middleware
+	@./run 30 middleware
+	@./run 50 middleware
+	@./run 100 middleware
+	@echo
+
+.PHONY: all

benchmarks/middleware.js

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+
+var express = require('..');
+var app = express();
+
+// number of middleware
+
+var n = parseInt(process.env.MW || '1', 10);
+console.log('  %s middleware', n);
+
+while (n--) {
+  app.use(function(req, res, next){
+    next();
+  });
+}
+
+app.use(function(req, res, next){
+  res.send('Hello World')
+});
+
+app.listen(3333);

benchmarks/run

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+echo
+MW=$1 node $2 &
+pid=$!
+
+sleep 2
+
+wrk 'http://localhost:3333/?foo[bar]=baz' \
+  -d 3 \
+  -c 50 \
+  -t 8 \
+  | grep 'Requests/sec' \
+  | awk '{ print "  " $2 }'
+
+kill $pid

bin/express

@@ -1,380 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env node
-
-/**
- * Module dependencies.
- */
-
-var exec = require('child_process').exec
-  , program = require('commander')
-  , mkdirp = require('mkdirp')
-  , pkg = require('../package.json')
-  , version = pkg.version
-  , os = require('os')
-  , fs = require('fs');
-
-// CLI
-
-program
-  .version(version)
-  .option('-s, --sessions', 'add session support')
-  .option('-e, --ejs', 'add ejs engine support (defaults to jade)')
-  .option('-J, --jshtml', 'add jshtml engine support (defaults to jade)')
-  .option('-c, --css <engine>', 'add stylesheet <engine> support (less|stylus) (defaults to plain css)')
-  .option('-f, --force', 'force on non-empty directory')
-  .parse(process.argv);
-
-// Path
-
-var path = program.args.shift() || '.';
-
-// end-of-line code
-
-var eol = 'win32' == os.platform() ? '\r\n' : '\n'
-
-// Template engine
-
-program.template = 'jade';
-if (program.ejs) program.template = 'ejs';
-if (program.jshtml) program.template = 'jshtml';
-
-/**
- * Routes index template.
- */
-
-var index = [
-    ''
-  , '/*'
-  , ' * GET home page.'
-  , ' */'
-  , ''
-  , 'exports.index = function(req, res){'
-  , '  res.render(\'index\', { title: \'Express\' });'
-  , '};'
-].join(eol);
-
-/**
- * Jade layout template.
- */
-
-var jadeLayout = [
-    '!!!'
-  , 'html'
-  , '  head'
-  , '    title= title'
-  , '    link(rel=\'stylesheet\', href=\'/stylesheets/style.css\')'
-  , '  body'
-  , '    block content'
-].join(eol);
-
-/**
- * Jade index template.
- */
-
-var jadeIndex = [
-    'extends layout'
-  , ''
-  , 'block content'
-  , '  h1= title'
-  , '  p Welcome to #{title}'
-].join(eol);
-
-/**
- * EJS index template.
- */
-
-var ejsIndex = [
-    '<!DOCTYPE html>'
-  , '<html>'
-  , '  <head>'
-  , '    <title><%= title %></title>'
-  , '    <link rel=\'stylesheet\' href=\'/stylesheets/style.css\' />'
-  , '  </head>'
-  , '  <body>'
-  , '    <h1><%= title %></h1>'
-  , '    <p>Welcome to <%= title %></p>'
-  , '  </body>'
-  , '</html>'
-].join(eol);
-
-/**
- * JSHTML layout template.
- */
-
-var jshtmlLayout = [
-    '<!DOCTYPE html>'
-  , '<html>'
-  , '  <head>'
-  , '    <title> @write(title) </title>'
-  , '    <link rel=\'stylesheet\' href=\'/stylesheets/style.css\' />'
-  , '  </head>'
-  , '  <body>'
-  , '    @write(body)'
-  , '  </body>'
-  , '</html>'
-].join(eol);
-
-/**
- * JSHTML index template.
- */
-
-var jshtmlIndex = [
-    '<h1>@write(title)</h1>'
-  , '<p>Welcome to @write(title)</p>'
-].join(eol);
-
-/**
- * Default css template.
- */
-
-var css = [
-    'body {'
-  , '  padding: 50px;'
-  , '  font: 14px "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;'
-  , '}'
-  , ''
-  , 'a {'
-  , '  color: #00B7FF;'
-  , '}'
-].join(eol);
-
-/**
- * Default less template.
- */
-
-var less = [
-    'body {'
-  , '  padding: 50px;'
-  , '  font: 14px "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;'
-  , '}'
-  , ''
-  , 'a {'
-  , '  color: #00B7FF;'
-  , '}'
-].join(eol);
-
-/**
- * Default stylus template.
- */
-
-var stylus = [
-    'body'
-  , '  padding: 50px'
-  , '  font: 14px "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif'
-  , 'a'
-  , '  color: #00B7FF'
-].join(eol);
-
-/**
- * App template.
- */
-
-var app = [
-    ''
-  , '/**'
-  , ' * Module dependencies.'
-  , ' */'
-  , ''
-  , 'var express = require(\'express\')'
-  , '  , routes = require(\'./routes\')'
-  , '  , http = require(\'http\');'
-  , ''
-  , 'var app = express();'
-  , ''
-  , 'app.configure(function(){'
-  , '  app.set(\'views\', __dirname + \'/views\');'
-  , '  app.set(\'view engine\', \':TEMPLATE\');'
-  , '  app.use(express.favicon());'
-  , '  app.use(express.logger(\'dev\'));{css}'
-  , '  app.use(express.static(__dirname + \'/public\'));'
-  , '  app.use(express.bodyParser());'
-  , '  app.use(express.methodOverride());{sess}'
-  , '  app.use(app.router);'
-  , '});'
-  , ''
-  , 'app.configure(\'development\', function(){'
-  , '  app.use(express.errorHandler());'
-  , '});'
-  , ''
-  , 'app.get(\'/\', routes.index);'
-  , ''
-  , 'http.createServer(app).listen(3000);'
-  , ''
-  , 'console.log("Express server listening on port 3000");'
-  , ''
-].join(eol);
-
-// Generate application
-
-(function createApplication(path) {
-  emptyDirectory(path, function(empty){
-    if (empty || program.force) {
-      createApplicationAt(path);
-    } else {
-      program.confirm('destination is not empty, continue? ', function(ok){
-        if (ok) {
-          process.stdin.destroy();
-          createApplicationAt(path);
-        } else {
-          abort('aborting');
-        }
-      });
-    }
-  });
-})(path);
-
-/**
- * Create application at the given directory `path`.
- *
- * @param {String} path
- */
-
-function createApplicationAt(path) {
-  console.log();
-  process.on('exit', function(){
-    console.log();
-    console.log('   install dependencies:');
-    console.log('     $ cd %s && npm install', path);
-    console.log();
-    console.log('   run the app:');
-    console.log('     $ node app');
-    console.log();
-  });
-
-  mkdir(path, function(){
-    mkdir(path + '/public');
-    mkdir(path + '/public/javascripts');
-    mkdir(path + '/public/images');
-    mkdir(path + '/public/stylesheets', function(){
-      switch (program.css) {
-        case 'less':
-          write(path + '/public/stylesheets/style.less', less);
-          break;
-        case 'stylus':
-          write(path + '/public/stylesheets/style.styl', stylus);
-          break;
-        default:
-          write(path + '/public/stylesheets/style.css', css);
-      }
-    });
-
-    mkdir(path + '/routes', function(){
-      write(path + '/routes/index.js', index);
-    });
-
-    mkdir(path + '/views', function(){
-      switch (program.template) {
-        case 'ejs':
-          write(path + '/views/index.ejs', ejsIndex);
-          break;
-        case 'jade':
-          write(path + '/views/layout.jade', jadeLayout);
-          write(path + '/views/index.jade', jadeIndex);
-          break;
-        case 'jshtml':
-          write(path + '/views/layout.jshtml', jshtmlLayout);
-          write(path + '/views/index.jshtml', jshtmlIndex);
-          break;
-
-      }
-    });
-
-    // CSS Engine support
-    switch (program.css) {
-      case 'less':
-        app = app.replace('{css}', eol + '  app.use(require(\'less-middleware\')({ src: __dirname + \'/public\' }));');
-        break;
-      case 'stylus':
-        app = app.replace('{css}', eol + '  app.use(require(\'stylus\').middleware({ src: __dirname + \'/public\' }));');
-        break;
-      default:
-        app = app.replace('{css}', '');
-    }
-
-    // Session support
-    app = app.replace('{sess}', program.sessions
-      ? eol + '  app.use(express.cookieParser(\'your secret here\'));' + eol + '  app.use(express.session());'
-      : '');
-
-    // Template support
-    app = app.replace(':TEMPLATE', program.template);
-
-    // package.json
-    var pkg = {
-        name: 'application-name'
-      , version: '0.0.1'
-      , private: true
-      , scripts: { start: 'node app' }
-      , dependencies: {
-        express: version
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (program.template) pkg.dependencies[program.template] = '*';
-
-    // CSS Engine support
-    switch (program.css) {
-      case 'less':
-        pkg.dependencies['less-middleware'] = '*';
-        break;
-      default:
-        if (program.css) {
-          pkg.dependencies[program.css] = '*';
-        }
-    }
-
-    write(path + '/package.json', JSON.stringify(pkg, null, 2));
-    write(path + '/app.js', app);
-  });
-}
-
-/**
- * Check if the given directory `path` is empty.
- *
- * @param {String} path
- * @param {Function} fn
- */
-
-function emptyDirectory(path, fn) {
-  fs.readdir(path, function(err, files){
-    if (err && 'ENOENT' != err.code) throw err;
-    fn(!files || !files.length);
-  });
-}
-
-/**
- * echo str > path.
- *
- * @param {String} path
- * @param {String} str
- */
-
-function write(path, str) {
-  fs.writeFile(path, str);
-  console.log('   \x1b[36mcreate\x1b[0m : ' + path);
-}
-
-/**
- * Mkdir -p.
- *
- * @param {String} path
- * @param {Function} fn
- */
-
-function mkdir(path, fn) {
-  mkdirp(path, 0755, function(err){
-    if (err) throw err;
-    console.log('   \033[36mcreate\033[0m : ' + path);
-    fn && fn();
-  });
-}
-
-/**
- * Exit with the given `str`.
- *
- * @param {String} str
- */
-
-function abort(str) {
-  console.error(str);
-  process.exit(1);
-}

client.js

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-
-var http = require('http');
-
-var times = 50;
-
-while (times--) {
-  var req = http.request({
-      port: 3000
-    , method: 'POST'
-    , headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' }
-  });
-
-  req.on('response', function(res){
-    console.log(res.statusCode);
-  });
-
-  var n = 500000;
-  while (n--) {
-    req.write('foo=bar&bar=baz&');
-  }
-
-  req.write('foo=bar&bar=baz');
-
-  req.end();
-}

docs/application.md

@@ -1,181 +0,0 @@
-
-# app
-
-  Application prototype.
-
-# app.use()
-
-  Proxy `connect#use()` to apply settings to
-  mounted applications.
-
-# app.engine()
-
-  Register the given template engine callback `fn`
-  as `ext`.
-  
-  By default will `require()` the engine based on the
-  file extension. For example if you try to render
-  a "foo.jade" file Express will invoke the following internally:
-  
-      app.engine('jade', require('jade').__express);
-  
-  For engines that do not provide `.__express` out of the box,
-  or if you wish to "map" a different extension to the template engine
-  you may use this method. For example mapping the EJS template engine to
-  ".html" files
-  
-      app.engine('html', require('ejs').renderFile);
-  
-  In this case EJS provides a `.renderFile()` method with
-  the same signature that Express expects: `(path, options, callback)`,
-  though note that it aliases this method as `ejs.__express` internally
-  so if you're using ".ejs" extensions you dont need to do anything.
-  
-  Some template engines do not follow this convention, the
-  [Consolidate.js](https://github.com/visionmedia/consolidate.js)
-  library was created to map all of node's popular template
-  engines to follow this convention, thus allowing them to
-  work seemlessly within Express.
-
-# app.param()
-
-  Map the given param placeholder `name`(s) to the given callback(s).
-  
-  Parameter mapping is used to provide pre-conditions to routes
-  which use normalized placeholders. For example a _:user_id_ parameter
-  could automatically load a user's information from the database without
-  any additional code,
-  
-  The callback uses the samesignature as middleware, the only differencing
-  being that the value of the placeholder is passed, in this case the _id_
-  of the user. Once the `next()` function is invoked, just like middleware
-  it will continue on to execute the route, or subsequent parameter functions.
-  
-       app.param('user_id', function(req, res, next, id){
-         User.find(id, function(err, user){
-           if (err) {
-             next(err);
-           } else if (user) {
-             req.user = user;
-             next();
-           } else {
-             next(new Error('failed to load user'));
-           }
-         });
-       });
-
-# app.set()
-
-  Assign `setting` to `val`, or return `setting`'s value.
-  
-     app.set('foo', 'bar');
-     app.get('foo');
-     // => "bar"
-  
-  Mounted servers inherit their parent server's settings.
-
-# app.enabled()
-
-  Check if `setting` is enabled (truthy).
-  
-     app.enabled('foo')
-     // => false
-  
-     app.enable('foo')
-     app.enabled('foo')
-     // => true
-
-# app.disabled()
-
-  Check if `setting` is disabled.
-  
-     app.disabled('foo')
-     // => true
-  
-     app.enable('foo')
-     app.disabled('foo')
-     // => false
-
-# app.enable()
-
-  Enable `setting`.
-
-# app.disable()
-
-  Disable `setting`.
-
-# app.configure()
-
-  Configure callback for zero or more envs,
-  when no `env` is specified that callback will
-  be invoked for all environments. Any combination
-  can be used multiple times, in any order desired.
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-     app.configure(function(){
-       // executed for all envs
-     });
-  
-     app.configure('stage', function(){
-       // executed staging env
-     });
-  
-     app.configure('stage', 'production', function(){
-       // executed for stage and production
-     });
-  
-  ## Note
-  
-   These callbacks are invoked immediately, and
-   are effectively sugar for the following.
-  
-      var env = process.env.NODE_ENV || 'development';
-  
-       switch (env) {
-         case 'development':
-           ...
-           break;
-         case 'stage':
-           ...
-           break;
-         case 'production':
-           ...
-           break;
-       }
-
-# app.all()
-
-  Special-cased "all" method, applying the given route `path`,
-  middleware, and callback to _every_ HTTP method.
-
-# app.render()
-
-  Render the given view `name` name with `options`
-  and a callback accepting an error and the
-  rendered template string.
-  
-  ## Example
-  
-     app.render('email', { name: 'Tobi' }, function(err, html){
-       // ...
-     })
-
-# app.listen()
-
-  Listen for connections.
-  
-  A node `http.Server` is returned, with this
-  application (which is a `Function`) as its
-  callback. If you wish to create both an HTTP
-  and HTTPS server you may do so with the "http"
-  and "https" modules as shown here.
-  
-     var http = require('http')
-       , https = require('https')
-       , express = require('express')
-       , app = express();
-  
-     http.createServer(app).listen(80);
-     http.createServer({ ... }, app).listen(443);
-

docs/express.md

@@ -1,511 +0,0 @@
-
-# app
-
-  Application prototype.
-
-# app.use()
-
-  Proxy `connect#use()` to apply settings to
-  mounted applications.
-
-# app.engine()
-
-  Register the given template engine callback `fn`
-  as `ext`.
-  
-  By default will `require()` the engine based on the
-  file extension. For example if you try to render
-  a "foo.jade" file Express will invoke the following internally:
-  
-      app.engine('jade', require('jade').__express);
-  
-  For engines that do not provide `.__express` out of the box,
-  or if you wish to "map" a different extension to the template engine
-  you may use this method. For example mapping the EJS template engine to
-  ".html" files
-  
-      app.engine('html', require('ejs').renderFile);
-  
-  In this case EJS provides a `.renderFile()` method with
-  the same signature that Express expects: `(path, options, callback)`,
-  though note that it aliases this method as `ejs.__express` internally
-  so if you're using ".ejs" extensions you dont need to do anything.
-  
-  Some template engines do not follow this convention, the
-  [Consolidate.js](https://github.com/visionmedia/consolidate.js)
-  library was created to map all of node's popular template
-  engines to follow this convention, thus allowing them to
-  work seemlessly within Express.
-
-# app.param()
-
-  Map the given param placeholder `name`(s) to the given callback(s).
-  
-  Parameter mapping is used to provide pre-conditions to routes
-  which use normalized placeholders. For example a _:user_id_ parameter
-  could automatically load a user's information from the database without
-  any additional code,
-  
-  The callback uses the samesignature as middleware, the only differencing
-  being that the value of the placeholder is passed, in this case the _id_
-  of the user. Once the `next()` function is invoked, just like middleware
-  it will continue on to execute the route, or subsequent parameter functions.
-  
-       app.param('user_id', function(req, res, next, id){
-         User.find(id, function(err, user){
-           if (err) {
-             next(err);
-           } else if (user) {
-             req.user = user;
-             next();
-           } else {
-             next(new Error('failed to load user'));
-           }
-         });
-       });
-
-# app.set()
-
-  Assign `setting` to `val`, or return `setting`'s value.
-  
-     app.set('foo', 'bar');
-     app.get('foo');
-     // => "bar"
-  
-  Mounted servers inherit their parent server's settings.
-
-# app.enabled()
-
-  Check if `setting` is enabled (truthy).
-  
-     app.enabled('foo')
-     // => false
-  
-     app.enable('foo')
-     app.enabled('foo')
-     // => true
-
-# app.disabled()
-
-  Check if `setting` is disabled.
-  
-     app.disabled('foo')
-     // => true
-  
-     app.enable('foo')
-     app.disabled('foo')
-     // => false
-
-# app.enable()
-
-  Enable `setting`.
-
-# app.disable()
-
-  Disable `setting`.
-
-# app.configure()
-
-  Configure callback for zero or more envs,
-  when no `env` is specified that callback will
-  be invoked for all environments. Any combination
-  can be used multiple times, in any order desired.
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-     app.configure(function(){
-       // executed for all envs
-     });
-  
-     app.configure('stage', function(){
-       // executed staging env
-     });
-  
-     app.configure('stage', 'production', function(){
-       // executed for stage and production
-     });
-  
-  ## Note
-  
-   These callbacks are invoked immediately, and
-   are effectively sugar for the following.
-  
-      var env = process.env.NODE_ENV || 'development';
-  
-       switch (env) {
-         case 'development':
-           ...
-           break;
-         case 'stage':
-           ...
-           break;
-         case 'production':
-           ...
-           break;
-       }
-
-# app.all()
-
-  Special-cased "all" method, applying the given route `path`,
-  middleware, and callback to _every_ HTTP method.
-
-# app.render()
-
-  Render the given view `name` name with `options`
-  and a callback accepting an error and the
-  rendered template string.
-  
-  ## Example
-  
-     app.render('email', { name: 'Tobi' }, function(err, html){
-       // ...
-     })
-
-# app.listen()
-
-  Listen for connections.
-  
-  A node `http.Server` is returned, with this
-  application (which is a `Function`) as its
-  callback. If you wish to create both an HTTP
-  and HTTPS server you may do so with the "http"
-  and "https" modules as shown here.
-  
-     var http = require('http')
-       , https = require('https')
-       , express = require('express')
-       , app = express();
-  
-     http.createServer(app).listen(80);
-     http.createServer({ ... }, app).listen(443);
-
-
-# req
-
-  Request prototype.
-
-# req.get
-
-  Return request header.
-  
-  The `Referrer` header field is special-cased,
-  both `Referrer` and `Referer` are interchangeable.
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-      req.get('Content-Type');
-      // => "text/plain"
-      
-      req.get('content-type');
-      // => "text/plain"
-      
-      req.get('Something');
-      // => undefined
-  
-  Aliased as `req.header()`.
-
-# req.accepts()
-
-  Check if the given `type(s)` is acceptable, returning
-  the best match when true, otherwise `undefined`, in which
-  case you should respond with 406 "Not Acceptable".
-  
-  The `type` value may be a single mime type string
-  such as "application/json", the extension name
-  such as "json", a comma-delimted list such as "json, html, text/plain",
-  or an array `["json", "html", "text/plain"]`. When a list
-  or array is given the _best_ match, if any is returned.
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-      // Accept: text/html
-      req.accepts('html');
-        // => "html"
-  
-      // Accept: text/*, application/json
-      req.accepts('html');
-      // => "html"
-      req.accepts('text/html');
-      // => "text/html"
-      req.accepts('json, text');
-      // => "json"
-      req.accepts('application/json');
-      // => "application/json"
-  
-      // Accept: text/*, application/json
-      req.accepts('image/png');
-      req.accepts('png');
-      // => undefined
-  
-      // Accept: text/*;q=.5, application/json
-      req.accepts(['html', 'json']);
-      req.accepts('html, json');
-      // => "json"
-
-# req.acceptsCharset()
-
-  Check if the given `charset` is acceptable,
-  otherwise you should respond with 406 "Not Acceptable".
-
-# req.acceptsLanguage()
-
-  Check if the given `lang` is acceptable,
-  otherwise you should respond with 406 "Not Acceptable".
-
-# req.param()
-
-  Return the value of param `name` when present or `defaultValue`.
-  
-   - Checks body params, ex: id=12, {"id":12}
-   - Checks route placeholders, ex: _/user/:id_
-   - Checks query string params, ex: ?id=12
-  
-  To utilize request bodies, `req.body`
-  should be an object. This can be done by using
-  the `connect.bodyParser()` middleware.
-
-# req.is()
-
-  Check if the incoming request contains the "Content-Type" 
-  header field, and it contains the give mime `type`.
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-       // With Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
-       req.is('html');
-       req.is('text/html');
-       req.is('text/*');
-       // => true
-      
-       // When Content-Type is application/json
-       req.is('json');
-       req.is('application/json');
-       req.is('application/*');
-       // => true
-      
-       req.is('html');
-       // => false
-  
-   Now within our route callbacks, we can use to to assert content types
-   such as "image/jpeg", "image/png", etc.
-  
-       app.post('/image/upload', function(req, res, next){
-         if (req.is('image/*')) {
-           // do something
-         } else {
-           next();
-         }
-       });
-
-
-# res
-
-  Response prototype.
-
-# res.status()
-
-  Set status `code`.
-
-# res.send()
-
-  Send a response.
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-      res.send(new Buffer('wahoo'));
-      res.send({ some: 'json' });
-      res.send('<p>some html</p>');
-      res.send(404, 'Sorry, cant find that');
-      res.send(404);
-
-# res.json()
-
-  Send JSON response.
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-      res.json(null);
-      res.json({ user: 'tj' });
-      res.json(500, 'oh noes!');
-      res.json(404, 'I dont have that');
-
-# res.sendfile()
-
-  Transfer the file at the given `path`.
-  
-  Automatically sets the _Content-Type_ response header field.
-  The callback `fn(err)` is invoked when the transfer is complete
-  or when an error occurs. Be sure to check `res.sentHeader`
-  if you wish to attempt responding, as the header and some data
-  may have already been transferred.
-  
-  ## Options
-  
-    - `maxAge` defaulting to 0
-    - `root`   root directory for relative filenames
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-   The following example illustrates how `res.sendfile()` may
-   be used as an alternative for the `static()` middleware for
-   dynamic situations. The code backing `res.sendfile()` is actually
-   the same code, so HTTP cache support etc is identical.
-  
-      app.get('/user/:uid/photos/:file', function(req, res){
-        var uid = req.params.uid
-          , file = req.params.file;
-      
-        req.user.mayViewFilesFrom(uid, function(yes){
-          if (yes) {
-            res.sendfile('/uploads/' + uid + '/' + file);
-          } else {
-            res.send(403, 'Sorry! you cant see that.');
-          }
-        });
-      });
-
-# res.download()
-
-  Transfer the file at the given `path` as an attachment.
-  
-  Optionally providing an alternate attachment `filename`,
-  and optional callback `fn(err)`. The callback is invoked
-  when the data transfer is complete, or when an error has
-  ocurred. Be sure to check `res.headerSent` if you plan to respond.
-
-# res.format()
-
-  Respond to the Acceptable formats using an `obj`
-  of mime-type callbacks.
-  
-  This method uses `req.accepted`, an array of
-  acceptable types ordered by their quality values.
-  When "Accept" is not present the _first_ callback
-  is invoked, otherwise the first match is used. When
-  no match is performed the server responds with
-  406 "Not Acceptable".
-  
-  Content-Type is set for you, however if you choose
-  you may alter this within the callback using `res.type()`
-  or `res.set('Content-Type', ...)`.
-  
-     res.format({
-       'text/plain': function(){
-         res.send('hey');
-       },
-     
-       'text/html': function(){
-         res.send('<p>hey</p>');
-       },
-     
-       'appliation/json': function(){
-         res.send({ message: 'hey' });
-       }
-     });
-  
-  In addition to canonicalized MIME types you may
-  ## also use extnames mapped to these types
-  
-     res.format({
-       text: function(){
-         res.send('hey');
-       },
-     
-       html: function(){
-         res.send('<p>hey</p>');
-       },
-     
-       json: function(){
-         res.send({ message: 'hey' });
-         }
-     });
-
-# res.attachment()
-
-  Set _Content-Disposition_ header to _attachment_ with optional `filename`.
-
-# res.set()
-
-  Set header `field` to `val`, or pass
-  an object of of header fields.
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-     res.set('Accept', 'application/json');
-     res.set({ Accept: 'text/plain', 'X-API-Key': 'tobi' });
-
-# res.get()
-
-  Get value for header `field`.
-
-# res.clearCookie()
-
-  Clear cookie `name`.
-
-# res.signedCookie()
-
-  Set a signed cookie with the given `name` and `val`.
-  See `res.cookie()` for details.
-
-# res.cookie()
-
-  Set cookie `name` to `val`, with the given `options`.
-  
-  ## Options
-  
-     - `maxAge`   max-age in milliseconds, converted to `expires`
-     - `path`     defaults to "/"
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-     // "Remember Me" for 15 minutes
-     res.cookie('rememberme', '1', { expires: new Date(Date.now() + 900000), httpOnly: true });
-  
-     // save as above
-     res.cookie('rememberme', '1', { maxAge: 900000, httpOnly: true })
-
-# res.redirect()
-
-  Redirect to the given `url` with optional response `status`
-  defaulting to 302.
-  
-  The given `url` can also be the name of a mapped url, for
-  example by default express supports "back" which redirects
-  to the _Referrer_ or _Referer_ headers or "/".
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-     res.redirect('/foo/bar');
-     res.redirect('http://example.com');
-     res.redirect(301, 'http://example.com');
-     res.redirect('../login'); // /blog/post/1 -> /blog/login
-  
-  ## Mounting
-  
-    When an application is mounted, and `res.redirect()`
-    is given a path that does _not_ lead with "/". For 
-    example suppose a "blog" app is mounted at "/blog",
-    the following redirect would result in "/blog/login":
-  
-       res.redirect('login');
-  
-    While the leading slash would result in a redirect to "/login":
-  
-       res.redirect('/login');
-
-# res.render()
-
-  Render `view` with the given `options` and optional callback `fn`.
-  When a callback function is given a response will _not_ be made
-  automatically, otherwise a response of _200_ and _text/html_ is given.
-  
-  ## Options
-   
-   - `status`    Response status code (`res.statusCode`)
-   - `charset`   Set the charset (`res.charset`)
-  
-  ## Reserved locals
-  
-   - `cache`     boolean hinting to the engine it should cache
-   - `filename`  filename of the view being rendered
-

docs/request.md

@@ -1,118 +0,0 @@
-
-# req
-
-  Request prototype.
-
-# req.get
-
-  Return request header.
-  
-  The `Referrer` header field is special-cased,
-  both `Referrer` and `Referer` are interchangeable.
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-      req.get('Content-Type');
-      // => "text/plain"
-      
-      req.get('content-type');
-      // => "text/plain"
-      
-      req.get('Something');
-      // => undefined
-  
-  Aliased as `req.header()`.
-
-# req.accepts()
-
-  Check if the given `type(s)` is acceptable, returning
-  the best match when true, otherwise `undefined`, in which
-  case you should respond with 406 "Not Acceptable".
-  
-  The `type` value may be a single mime type string
-  such as "application/json", the extension name
-  such as "json", a comma-delimted list such as "json, html, text/plain",
-  or an array `["json", "html", "text/plain"]`. When a list
-  or array is given the _best_ match, if any is returned.
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-      // Accept: text/html
-      req.accepts('html');
-        // => "html"
-  
-      // Accept: text/*, application/json
-      req.accepts('html');
-      // => "html"
-      req.accepts('text/html');
-      // => "text/html"
-      req.accepts('json, text');
-      // => "json"
-      req.accepts('application/json');
-      // => "application/json"
-  
-      // Accept: text/*, application/json
-      req.accepts('image/png');
-      req.accepts('png');
-      // => undefined
-  
-      // Accept: text/*;q=.5, application/json
-      req.accepts(['html', 'json']);
-      req.accepts('html, json');
-      // => "json"
-
-# req.acceptsCharset()
-
-  Check if the given `charset` is acceptable,
-  otherwise you should respond with 406 "Not Acceptable".
-
-# req.acceptsLanguage()
-
-  Check if the given `lang` is acceptable,
-  otherwise you should respond with 406 "Not Acceptable".
-
-# req.param()
-
-  Return the value of param `name` when present or `defaultValue`.
-  
-   - Checks body params, ex: id=12, {"id":12}
-   - Checks route placeholders, ex: _/user/:id_
-   - Checks query string params, ex: ?id=12
-  
-  To utilize request bodies, `req.body`
-  should be an object. This can be done by using
-  the `connect.bodyParser()` middleware.
-
-# req.is()
-
-  Check if the incoming request contains the "Content-Type" 
-  header field, and it contains the give mime `type`.
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-       // With Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
-       req.is('html');
-       req.is('text/html');
-       req.is('text/*');
-       // => true
-      
-       // When Content-Type is application/json
-       req.is('json');
-       req.is('application/json');
-       req.is('application/*');
-       // => true
-      
-       req.is('html');
-       // => false
-  
-   Now within our route callbacks, we can use to to assert content types
-   such as "image/jpeg", "image/png", etc.
-  
-       app.post('/image/upload', function(req, res, next){
-         if (req.is('image/*')) {
-           // do something
-         } else {
-           next();
-         }
-       });
-

docs/response.md

@@ -1,212 +0,0 @@
-
-# res
-
-  Response prototype.
-
-# res.status()
-
-  Set status `code`.
-
-# res.send()
-
-  Send a response.
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-      res.send(new Buffer('wahoo'));
-      res.send({ some: 'json' });
-      res.send('<p>some html</p>');
-      res.send(404, 'Sorry, cant find that');
-      res.send(404);
-
-# res.json()
-
-  Send JSON response.
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-      res.json(null);
-      res.json({ user: 'tj' });
-      res.json(500, 'oh noes!');
-      res.json(404, 'I dont have that');
-
-# res.sendfile()
-
-  Transfer the file at the given `path`.
-  
-  Automatically sets the _Content-Type_ response header field.
-  The callback `fn(err)` is invoked when the transfer is complete
-  or when an error occurs. Be sure to check `res.sentHeader`
-  if you wish to attempt responding, as the header and some data
-  may have already been transferred.
-  
-  ## Options
-  
-    - `maxAge` defaulting to 0
-    - `root`   root directory for relative filenames
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-   The following example illustrates how `res.sendfile()` may
-   be used as an alternative for the `static()` middleware for
-   dynamic situations. The code backing `res.sendfile()` is actually
-   the same code, so HTTP cache support etc is identical.
-  
-      app.get('/user/:uid/photos/:file', function(req, res){
-        var uid = req.params.uid
-          , file = req.params.file;
-      
-        req.user.mayViewFilesFrom(uid, function(yes){
-          if (yes) {
-            res.sendfile('/uploads/' + uid + '/' + file);
-          } else {
-            res.send(403, 'Sorry! you cant see that.');
-          }
-        });
-      });
-
-# res.download()
-
-  Transfer the file at the given `path` as an attachment.
-  
-  Optionally providing an alternate attachment `filename`,
-  and optional callback `fn(err)`. The callback is invoked
-  when the data transfer is complete, or when an error has
-  ocurred. Be sure to check `res.headerSent` if you plan to respond.
-
-# res.format()
-
-  Respond to the Acceptable formats using an `obj`
-  of mime-type callbacks.
-  
-  This method uses `req.accepted`, an array of
-  acceptable types ordered by their quality values.
-  When "Accept" is not present the _first_ callback
-  is invoked, otherwise the first match is used. When
-  no match is performed the server responds with
-  406 "Not Acceptable".
-  
-  Content-Type is set for you, however if you choose
-  you may alter this within the callback using `res.type()`
-  or `res.set('Content-Type', ...)`.
-  
-     res.format({
-       'text/plain': function(){
-         res.send('hey');
-       },
-     
-       'text/html': function(){
-         res.send('<p>hey</p>');
-       },
-     
-       'appliation/json': function(){
-         res.send({ message: 'hey' });
-       }
-     });
-  
-  In addition to canonicalized MIME types you may
-  ## also use extnames mapped to these types
-  
-     res.format({
-       text: function(){
-         res.send('hey');
-       },
-     
-       html: function(){
-         res.send('<p>hey</p>');
-       },
-     
-       json: function(){
-         res.send({ message: 'hey' });
-         }
-     });
-
-# res.attachment()
-
-  Set _Content-Disposition_ header to _attachment_ with optional `filename`.
-
-# res.set()
-
-  Set header `field` to `val`, or pass
-  an object of of header fields.
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-     res.set('Accept', 'application/json');
-     res.set({ Accept: 'text/plain', 'X-API-Key': 'tobi' });
-
-# res.get()
-
-  Get value for header `field`.
-
-# res.clearCookie()
-
-  Clear cookie `name`.
-
-# res.signedCookie()
-
-  Set a signed cookie with the given `name` and `val`.
-  See `res.cookie()` for details.
-
-# res.cookie()
-
-  Set cookie `name` to `val`, with the given `options`.
-  
-  ## Options
-  
-     - `maxAge`   max-age in milliseconds, converted to `expires`
-     - `path`     defaults to "/"
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-     // "Remember Me" for 15 minutes
-     res.cookie('rememberme', '1', { expires: new Date(Date.now() + 900000), httpOnly: true });
-  
-     // save as above
-     res.cookie('rememberme', '1', { maxAge: 900000, httpOnly: true })
-
-# res.redirect()
-
-  Redirect to the given `url` with optional response `status`
-  defaulting to 302.
-  
-  The given `url` can also be the name of a mapped url, for
-  example by default express supports "back" which redirects
-  to the _Referrer_ or _Referer_ headers or "/".
-  
-  ## Examples
-  
-     res.redirect('/foo/bar');
-     res.redirect('http://example.com');
-     res.redirect(301, 'http://example.com');
-     res.redirect('../login'); // /blog/post/1 -> /blog/login
-  
-  ## Mounting
-  
-    When an application is mounted, and `res.redirect()`
-    is given a path that does _not_ lead with "/". For 
-    example suppose a "blog" app is mounted at "/blog",
-    the following redirect would result in "/blog/login":
-  
-       res.redirect('login');
-  
-    While the leading slash would result in a redirect to "/login":
-  
-       res.redirect('/login');
-
-# res.render()
-
-  Render `view` with the given `options` and optional callback `fn`.
-  When a callback function is given a response will _not_ be made
-  automatically, otherwise a response of _200_ and _text/html_ is given.
-  
-  ## Options
-   
-   - `status`    Response status code (`res.statusCode`)
-   - `charset`   Set the charset (`res.charset`)
-  
-  ## Reserved locals
-  
-   - `cache`     boolean hinting to the engine it should cache
-   - `filename`  filename of the view being rendered
-

examples/auth/index.js

@@ -1,63 +1,73 @@
-
 /**
  * Module dependencies.
  */
 
-var express = require('../../lib/express')
-  , crypto = require('crypto');
+var express = require('../..');
+var hash = require('pbkdf2-password')()
+var path = require('path');
+var session = require('express-session');
 
 var app = module.exports = express();
 
-app.use(express.bodyParser());
-app.use(express.cookieParser('shhhh, very secret'));
-app.use(express.session());
+// config
 
 app.set('view engine', 'ejs');
-app.set('views', __dirname + '/views');
+app.set('views', path.join(__dirname, 'views'));
+
+// middleware
+
+app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: false }))
+app.use(session({
+  resave: false, // don't save session if unmodified
+  saveUninitialized: false, // don't create session until something stored
+  secret: 'shhhh, very secret'
+}));
 
 // Session-persisted message middleware
 
-app.locals.use(function(req,res){
-  var err = req.session.error
-    , msg = req.session.success;
+app.use(function(req, res, next){
+  var err = req.session.error;
+  var msg = req.session.success;
   delete req.session.error;
   delete req.session.success;
   res.locals.message = '';
   if (err) res.locals.message = '<p class="msg error">' + err + '</p>';
   if (msg) res.locals.message = '<p class="msg success">' + msg + '</p>';
-})
+  next();
+});
+
+// dummy database
 
-// Generate a salt for the user to prevent rainbow table attacks
-// for better security take a look at the bcrypt c++ addon:
-// https://github.com/ncb000gt/node.bcrypt.js
 var users = {
-  tj: {
-      name: 'tj'
-    , salt: 'randomly-generated-salt'
-    , pass: hash('foobar', 'randomly-generated-salt')
-  }
+  tj: { name: 'tj' }
 };
 
-// Used to generate a hash of the plain-text password + salt
-function hash(msg, key) {
-  return crypto
-    .createHmac('sha256', key)
-    .update(msg)
-    .digest('hex');
-}
+// when you create a user, generate a salt
+// and hash the password ('foobar' is the pass here)
+
+hash({ password: 'foobar' }, function (err, pass, salt, hash) {
+  if (err) throw err;
+  // store the salt & hash in the "db"
+  users.tj.salt = salt;
+  users.tj.hash = hash;
+});
+
 
 // Authenticate using our plain-object database of doom!
+
 function authenticate(name, pass, fn) {
-  console.log('authenticating %s:%s', name, pass);
+  if (!module.parent) console.log('authenticating %s:%s', name, pass);
   var user = users[name];
   // query the db for the given username
   if (!user) return fn(new Error('cannot find user'));
   // apply the same algorithm to the POSTed password, applying
   // the hash against the pass / salt, if there is a match we
   // found the user
-  if (user.pass == hash(pass, user.salt)) return fn(null, user);
-  // Otherwise password is invalid
-  fn(new Error('invalid password'));
+  hash({ password: pass, salt: user.salt }, function (err, pass, salt, hash) {
+    if (err) return fn(err);
+    if (hash == user.hash) return fn(null, user);
+    fn(new Error('invalid password'));
+  });
 }
 
 function restrict(req, res, next) {
@@ -70,11 +80,11 @@ function restrict(req, res, next) {
 }
 
 app.get('/', function(req, res){
-  res.redirect('login');
+  res.redirect('/login');
 });
 
 app.get('/restricted', restrict, function(req, res){
-  res.send('Wahoo! restricted area');
+  res.send('Wahoo! restricted area, click to <a href="/logout">logout</a>');
 });
 
 app.get('/logout', function(req, res){
@@ -86,11 +96,6 @@ app.get('/logout', function(req, res){
 });
 
 app.get('/login', function(req, res){
-  if (req.session.user) {
-    req.session.success = 'Authenticated as ' + req.session.user.name
-      + ' click to <a href="/logout">logout</a>. '
-      + ' You may now access <a href="/restricted">/restricted</a>.';
-  }
   res.render('login');
 });
 
@@ -98,24 +103,28 @@ app.post('/login', function(req, res){
   authenticate(req.body.username, req.body.password, function(err, user){
     if (user) {
       // Regenerate session when signing in
-      // to prevent fixation 
+      // to prevent fixation
       req.session.regenerate(function(){
-        // Store the user's primary key 
+        // Store the user's primary key
         // in the session store to be retrieved,
         // or in this case the entire user object
         req.session.user = user;
+        req.session.success = 'Authenticated as ' + user.name
+          + ' click to <a href="/logout">logout</a>. '
+          + ' You may now access <a href="/restricted">/restricted</a>.';
         res.redirect('back');
       });
     } else {
       req.session.error = 'Authentication failed, please check your '
         + ' username and password.'
         + ' (use "tj" and "foobar")';
-      res.redirect('login');
+      res.redirect('/login');
     }
   });
 });
 
+/* istanbul ignore next */
 if (!module.parent) {
   app.listen(3000);
   console.log('Express started on port 3000');
-}
+}

examples/auth/views/foot.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+  </body>
+</html>

examples/auth/views/head.ejs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
   <head>
-    <title>Authentication Example</title>
+    <title><%= title %></title>
     <style>
       body {
         padding: 50px;
@@ -16,6 +16,3 @@
     </style>
   </head>
   <body>
-    <%- body %>
-  </body>
-</html>

examples/auth/views/login.ejs

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+
+<% var title = 'Authentication Example' %>
+<% include head %>
+
 <h1>Login</h1>
 <%- message %>
 Try accessing <a href="/restricted">/restricted</a>, then authenticate with "tj" and "foobar".
@@ -13,4 +17,6 @@ Try accessing <a href="/restricted">/restricted</a>, then authenticate with "tj"
   <p>
     <input type="submit" value="Login">
   </p>
-</form>
+</form>
+
+<% include foot %>

examples/blog/index.js

@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-
-/**
- * Module dependencies.
- */
-
-var express = require('../../')
-  , app = module.exports = express();
-
-// config
-
-app.set('views', __dirname + '/views');
-app.set('view engine', 'jade');
-
-// middleware
-
-app.configure('development',function(){
-  app.use(express.logger('dev'));
-})
-
-app.configure(function(){
-  app.use(express.bodyParser());
-  app.use(express.methodOverride());
-  app.use(express.cookieParser('keyboard cat'));
-  app.use(express.session());
-  app.use(app.router);
-  app.use(express.static(__dirname + '/public'));
-  app.use(express.errorHandler({ dumpExceptions: true, showStack: true }));
-});
-
-// Locals
-
-app.locals.use(function(req, res){
-  // expose "error" and "message" to all
-  // views that are rendered.
-  res.locals.error = req.session.error || '';
-  res.locals.message = req.session.message || '';
-  // remove them so they're not displayed on subsequent renders
-  delete req.session.error;
-  delete req.session.message;
-});
-
-// Routes
-
-require('./routes/site')(app);
-require('./routes/post')(app);
-
-if (!module.parent) {
-  app.listen(3000);
-  console.log('Express started on port 3000');
-}

examples/blog/models/post.js

@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-
-// Fake data store
-
-var ids = 0
-  , db = {};
-
-var Post = exports = module.exports = function Post(title, body) {
-  this.id = ++ids;
-  this.title = title;
-  this.body = body;
-  this.createdAt = new Date;
-};
-
-Post.prototype.save = function(fn){
-  db[this.id] = this;
-  fn();
-};
-
-Post.prototype.validate = function(fn){
-  if (!this.title) return fn(new Error('title required'));
-  if (!this.body) return fn(new Error('body required'));
-  if (this.body.length < 10) {
-    return fn(new Error(
-        'body should be at least 10 characters long, was only ' + this.body.length));
-  }
-  fn();
-};
-
-
-Post.prototype.update = function(data, fn){
-  this.updatedAt = new Date;
-  for (var key in data) {
-    if (undefined != data[key]) {
-      this[key] = data[key];
-    }
-  }
-  this.save(fn);
-};
-
-Post.prototype.destroy = function(fn){
-  exports.destroy(this.id, fn);
-};
-
-exports.count = function(fn){
-  fn(null, Object.keys(db).length);
-};
-
-exports.all = function(fn){
-  var arr = Object.keys(db).reduce(function(arr, id){
-    arr.push(db[id]);
-    return arr;
-  }, []);
-  fn(null, arr);
-};
-
-exports.get = function(id, fn){
-  fn(null, db[id]);
-};
-
-exports.destroy = function(id, fn) {
-  if (db[id]) {
-    delete db[id];
-    fn();
-  } else {
-    fn(new Error('post ' + id + ' does not exist'));
-  }
-};

examples/blog/public/style.css

@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-body {
-  font: 13px "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif;
-  color: #111;
-  padding: 60px 80px;
-}
-h1, h2 {
-  color: #c00;
-}
-a {
-  color: #c00;
-  text-decoration: none;
-}
-a:hover {
-  text-decoration: underline;
-}
-label {
-  padding: 6px 0;
-  display: block;
-  text-transform: lowercase;
-}
-textarea,
-input {
-  outline: none;
-  padding: 5px;
-  background: #f1f1f1;
-  border: 1px solid #aaa;
-}
-textarea:focus,
-input:focus {
-  background: #fff;
-}
-textarea {
-  width: 500px;
-  height: 200px;
-}
-a.edit {
-  margin-left: 10px;
-  font-size: 11px;
-  font-weight: normal;
-}
-.date {
-  font-size: 11px;
-}
-p.error,
-p.message {
-  padding: 10px;
-  border: 1px solid;
-}
-p.error {
-  background: #FDEAE7;
-  color: #E4250C;
-}
-p.message {
-  color: #2EBBE6;
-  background: #F7FBFD;
-}

examples/blog/routes/post.js

@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-
-/**
- * Module dependencies.
- */
-
-var basicAuth = require('../../../lib/express').basicAuth
-  , Post = require('../models/post');
-
-module.exports = function(app){
-  /**
-   * Apply basic auth to all post related routes
-   */
-
-  app.all('/post(/*)?', basicAuth(function(user, pass){
-    return 'admin' == user && 'express' == pass;
-  }));
-
-  /**
-   * Map :post to the database, loading
-   * every time :post is present.
-   */
-
-  app.param('post', function(req, res, next, id){
-    Post.get(id, function(err, post){
-      if (err) return next(err);
-      if (!post) return next(new Error('failed to load post ' + id));
-      req.post = post;
-      next();
-    });
-  });
-
-  /**
-   * Add a post.
-   */
-
-  app.get('/post/add', function(req, res){
-    res.render('post/form', { post: {}});
-  });
-
-  /**
-   * Save a post.
-   */
-
-  app.post('/post', function(req, res){
-    var data = req.body.post || {}
-      , post = new Post(data.title, data.body);
-    
-    post.validate(function(err){
-      if (err) {
-        req.session.error = err.message;
-        return res.redirect('back');
-      }
-
-      post.save(function(err){
-        req.session.message = 'Successfully created the post.';
-        res.redirect('/post/' + post.id);
-      });  
-    });
-  });
-
-  /**
-   * Display the post.
-   */
-
-  app.get('/post/:post', function(req, res){
-    res.render('post', { post: req.post });
-  });
-
-  /**
-   * Display the post edit form.
-   */
-
-  app.get('/post/:post/edit', function(req, res){
-    res.render('post/form', { post: req.post });
-  });
-
-  /**
-   * Update post. Typically a data layer would handle this stuff.
-   */
-
-  app.put('/post/:post', function(req, res, next){
-    var post = req.post;
-    post.validate(function(err){
-      if (err) {
-        req.session.error = err.message;
-        return res.redirect('back');
-      }
-
-      post.update(req.body.post, function(err){
-        if (err) return next(err);
-        req.session.message = 'Successfully updated post';
-        res.redirect('back');
-      });
-    });
-  });
-};

examples/blog/routes/site.js

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-
-/**
- * Module dependencies.
- */
-
-var Post = require('../models/post');
-
-module.exports = function(app){
-  app.get('/', function(req, res){
-    Post.count(function(err, count){
-      Post.all(function(err, posts){
-        res.render('index', {
-            count: count
-          , posts: posts
-        });
-      });
-    });
-  });
-};

examples/blog/views/index.jade

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-extends layout
-
-block content
-  h1 Blog
-
-  if count
-    p Display all #{count} post(s)
-    #posts
-      each post in posts
-        include post/index
-  else
-    p 
-      | It looks like you have no posts!
-    p
-      | Click
-      a(href='/post/add') here 
-      | to create a post. Login
-      | as
-      em "admin" 
-      | and
-      em "express"
-      | .

examples/blog/views/layout.jade

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-!!! 5
-html
-  head
-    title Blog
-    link(rel='stylesheet', href='/style.css')
-  body
-    #container
-      block content

examples/blog/views/messages.jade

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-
-if error
-  p.error= error
-
-if message
-  p.message= message

examples/blog/views/post/form.jade

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-extends ../layout
-
-block content
-  if post.title
-    h1 Editing #{post.title}
-  else
-    h1 New Post
-
-  include ../messages
-
-  form#post(action='/post' + (post.title ? '/' + post.id : ''), method='post')
-    if post.title
-      input(type='hidden', name='_method', value='put')
-    p
-      label(for='post[title]') Title:
-      input(type='text', name='post[title]', value=post.title)
-    p
-      label(for='post[body]') Body:
-      textarea(name='post[body]')= post.body || ''
-    p
-      input(type='submit', value=post.title ? 'Update' : 'Create')
-    

examples/blog/views/post/index.jade

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-extends ../layout
-
-block content
-  .post
-    // title
-    h2
-      = post.title
-      a.edit(href='/post/' + post.id + '/edit') Edit
-    
-    include ../messages
-    
-    // dates
-    p.date.created Created at #{post.createdAt}
-    if post.updatedAt
-      p.date.updated Updated at #{post.updatedAt}
-    
-    // body
-    pre.body= post.body

examples/content-negotiation/db.js

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+var users = [];
+
+users.push({ name: 'Tobi' });
+users.push({ name: 'Loki' });
+users.push({ name: 'Jane' });
+
+module.exports = users;

examples/content-negotiation/index.js

@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
+var express = require('../../');
+var app = module.exports = express();
+var users = require('./db');
 
-var express = require('../../')
-  , app = module.exports = express();
-
-var users = [];
-
-users.push({ name: 'Tobi' });
-users.push({ name: 'Loki' });
-users.push({ name: 'Jane' });
-
+// so either you can deal with different types of formatting
+// for expected response in index.js
 app.get('/', function(req, res){
   res.format({
     html: function(){
@@ -25,10 +21,24 @@ app.get('/', function(req, res){
     json: function(){
       res.json(users);
     }
-  })
+  });
 });
 
+// or you could write a tiny middleware like
+// this to add a layer of abstraction
+// and make things a bit more declarative:
+
+function format(path) {
+  var obj = require(path);
+  return function(req, res){
+    res.format(obj);
+  };
+}
+
+app.get('/users', format('./users'));
+
+/* istanbul ignore next */
 if (!module.parent) {
   app.listen(3000);
-  console.log('listening on port 3000');
-}
+  console.log('Express started on port 3000');
+}

examples/content-negotiation/users.js

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+
+var users = require('./db');
+
+exports.html = function(req, res){
+  res.send('<ul>' + users.map(function(user){
+    return '<li>' + user.name + '</li>';
+  }).join('') + '</ul>');
+};
+
+exports.text = function(req, res){
+  res.send(users.map(function(user){
+    return ' - ' + user.name + '\n';
+  }).join(''));
+};
+
+exports.json = function(req, res){
+  res.json(users);
+};

examples/cookie-sessions/index.js

@@ -1,32 +1,26 @@
-
 /**
  * Module dependencies.
  */
 
+var cookieSession = require('cookie-session');
 var express = require('../../');
 
 var app = module.exports = express();
 
-// ignore GET /favicon.ico
-app.use(express.favicon());
-
-// pass a secret to cookieParser() for signed cookies
-app.use(express.cookieParser('manny is cool'));
-
 // add req.session cookie support
-app.use(express.cookieSession());
+app.use(cookieSession({ secret: 'manny is cool' }));
 
 // do something with the session
 app.use(count);
 
 // custom middleware
 function count(req, res) {
-  req.session.count = req.session.count || 0;
-  var n = req.session.count++;
-  res.send('viewed ' + n + ' times\n');
+  req.session.count = (req.session.count || 0) + 1
+  res.send('viewed ' + req.session.count + ' times\n')
 }
 
+/* istanbul ignore next */
 if (!module.parent) {
   app.listen(3000);
-  console.log('Express server listening on port 3000');
-}
+  console.log('Express started on port 3000');
+}

examples/cookies/index.js

@@ -1,31 +1,23 @@
-
 /**
  * Module dependencies.
  */
 
-var express = require('../../')
-  , app = module.exports = express();
-
-
-// add favicon() before logger() so
-// GET /favicon.ico requests are not
-// logged, because this middleware
-// reponds to /favicon.ico and does not
-// call next()
-app.use(express.favicon());
+var express = require('../../');
+var app = module.exports = express();
+var logger = require('morgan');
+var cookieParser = require('cookie-parser');
 
 // custom log format
-if ('test' != process.env.NODE_ENV)
-  app.use(express.logger(':method :url'));
+if ('test' != process.env.NODE_ENV) app.use(logger(':method :url'));
 
 // parses request cookies, populating
 // req.cookies and req.signedCookies
-// when the secret is passed, used 
+// when the secret is passed, used
 // for signing the cookies.
-app.use(express.cookieParser('my secret here'));
+app.use(cookieParser('my secret here'));
 
-// parses json, x-www-form-urlencoded, and multipart/form-data
-app.use(express.bodyParser());
+// parses x-www-form-urlencoded
+app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: false }))
 
 app.get('/', function(req, res){
   if (req.cookies.remember) {
@@ -48,7 +40,8 @@ app.post('/', function(req, res){
   res.redirect('back');
 });
 
-if (!module.parent){
+/* istanbul ignore next */
+if (!module.parent) {
   app.listen(3000);
   console.log('Express started on port 3000');
-}
+}

examples/downloads/files/CCTV大赛上海分赛区.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Only for test.
+The file name is faked.

examples/downloads/index.js

@@ -1,44 +1,35 @@
-
 /**
  * Module dependencies.
  */
 
-var express = require('../../')
-  , app = module.exports = express();
+var express = require('../../');
+var path = require('path');
+var app = module.exports = express();
 
 app.get('/', function(req, res){
   res.send('<ul>'
     + '<li>Download <a href="/files/amazing.txt">amazing.txt</a>.</li>'
     + '<li>Download <a href="/files/missing.txt">missing.txt</a>.</li>'
+    + '<li>Download <a href="/files/CCTV大赛上海分赛区.txt">CCTV大赛上海分赛区.txt</a>.</li>'
     + '</ul>');
 });
 
 // /files/* is accessed via req.params[0]
 // but here we name it :file
 app.get('/files/:file(*)', function(req, res, next){
-  var file = req.params.file
-    , path = __dirname + '/files/' + file;
+  var filePath = path.join(__dirname, 'files', req.params.file);
 
-  res.download(path);
-});
-
-// error handling middleware. Because it's
-// below our routes, you will be able to
-// "intercept" errors, otherwise Connect
-// will respond with 500 "Internal Server Error".
-app.use(function(err, req, res, next){
-  // special-case 404s,
-  // remember you could
-  // render a 404 template here
-  if (404 == err.status) {
+  res.download(filePath, function (err) {
+    if (!err) return; // file sent
+    if (err && err.status !== 404) return next(err); // non-404 error
+    // file for download not found
     res.statusCode = 404;
     res.send('Cant find that file, sorry!');
-  } else {
-    next(err);
-  }
+  });
 });
 
+/* istanbul ignore next */
 if (!module.parent) {
   app.listen(3000);
   console.log('Express started on port 3000');
-}
+}

examples/ejs/index.js

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-
 /**
  * Module dependencies.
  */
 
 var express = require('../../');
+var path = require('path');
 
 var app = module.exports = express();
 
@@ -22,7 +22,11 @@ app.engine('.html', require('ejs').__express);
 
 // Optional since express defaults to CWD/views
 
-app.set('views', __dirname + '/views');
+app.set('views', path.join(__dirname, 'views'));
+
+// Path to our public directory
+
+app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'public')));
 
 // Without this you would need to
 // supply the extension to res.render()
@@ -31,16 +35,21 @@ app.set('view engine', 'html');
 
 // Dummy users
 var users = [
-    { name: 'tobi', email: 'tobi@learnboost.com' }
-  , { name: 'loki', email: 'loki@learnboost.com' }
-  , { name: 'jane', email: 'jane@learnboost.com' }
+  { name: 'tobi', email: 'tobi@learnboost.com' },
+  { name: 'loki', email: 'loki@learnboost.com' },
+  { name: 'jane', email: 'jane@learnboost.com' }
 ];
 
 app.get('/', function(req, res){
-  res.render('users', { users: users });
+  res.render('users', {
+    users: users,
+    title: "EJS example",
+    header: "Some users"
+  });
 });
 
+/* istanbul ignore next */
 if (!module.parent) {
   app.listen(3000);
-  console.log('Express app started on port 3000');
-}
+  console.log('Express started on port 3000');
+}

examples/ejs/public/stylesheets/style.css

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 body {
   padding: 50px 80px;
-  font: 14px "Helvetica Nueue", "Lucida Grande", Arial, sans-serif;}
+  font: 14px "Helvetica Nueue", "Lucida Grande", Arial, sans-serif;
+}

examples/ejs/views/footer.html

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+</body>
+</html>

examples/ejs/views/header.html

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <title><%= title %></title>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/stylesheets/style.css">
+</head>
+<body>

examples/ejs/views/users.html

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
+<% include header.html %>
+
 <h1>Users</h1>
 <ul id="users">
   <% users.forEach(function(user){ %>
-    <li><%= user.name %> <%= user.email %></li>
+    <li><%= user.name %> &lt;<%= user.email %>&gt;</li>
   <% }) %>
-</ul>
+</ul>
+
+<% include footer.html %>

examples/error-pages/index.js

@@ -1,27 +1,54 @@
-
 /**
  * Module dependencies.
  */
 
-var express = require('../../')
-  , app = module.exports = express()
-  , silent = 'test' == process.env.NODE_ENV;
+var express = require('../../');
+var path = require('path');
+var app = module.exports = express();
+var logger = require('morgan');
+var silent = 'test' == process.env.NODE_ENV;
 
-app.set('views', __dirname + '/views');
-app.set('view engine', 'jade');
+// general config
+app.set('views', path.join(__dirname, 'views'));
+app.set('view engine', 'ejs');
 
-app.use(express.favicon());
+// our custom "verbose errors" setting
+// which we can use in the templates
+// via settings['verbose errors']
+app.enable('verbose errors');
 
-silent || app.use(express.logger('dev'));
+// disable them in production
+// use $ NODE_ENV=production node examples/error-pages
+if ('production' == app.settings.env) app.disable('verbose errors');
 
-// "app.router" positions our routes 
-// above the middleware defined below,
-// this means that Express will attempt
-// to match & call routes _before_ continuing
-// on, at which point we assume it's a 404 because
-// no route has handled the request.
+silent || app.use(logger('dev'));
 
-app.use(app.router);
+// Routes
+
+app.get('/', function(req, res){
+  res.render('index.ejs');
+});
+
+app.get('/404', function(req, res, next){
+  // trigger a 404 since no other middleware
+  // will match /404 after this one, and we're not
+  // responding here
+  next();
+});
+
+app.get('/403', function(req, res, next){
+  // trigger a 403 error
+  var err = new Error('not allowed!');
+  err.status = 403;
+  next(err);
+});
+
+app.get('/500', function(req, res, next){
+  // trigger a generic (500) error
+  next(new Error('keyboard cat!'));
+});
+
+// Error handlers
 
 // Since this is the last non-error-handling
 // middleware use()d, we assume 404, as nothing else
@@ -32,21 +59,19 @@ app.use(app.router);
 // $ curl http://localhost:3000/notfound -H "Accept: text/plain"
 
 app.use(function(req, res, next){
-  // respond with html page
-  if (req.accepts('html')) {
-    res.status(404);
-    res.render('404', { url: req.url });
-    return;
-  }
+  res.status(404);
 
-  // respond with json
-  if (req.accepts('json')) {
-    res.send({ error: 'Not found' });
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // default to plain-text. send()
-  res.type('txt').send('Not found');
+  res.format({
+    html: function () {
+      res.render('404', { url: req.url })
+    },
+    json: function () {
+      res.json({ error: 'Not found' })
+    },
+    default: function () {
+      res.type('txt').send('Not found')
+    }
+  })
 });
 
 // error-handling middleware, take the same form
@@ -69,27 +94,8 @@ app.use(function(err, req, res, next){
   res.render('500', { error: err });
 });
 
-// Routes
-
-app.get('/', function(req, res){
-  res.render('index.jade');
-});
-
-app.get('/404', function(req, res, next){
-  next();
-});
-
-app.get('/403', function(req, res, next){
-  var err = new Error('not allowed!');
-  err.status = 403;
-  next(err);
-});
-
-app.get('/500', function(req, res, next){
-  next(new Error('keyboard cat!'));
-});
-
+/* istanbul ignore next */
 if (!module.parent) {
   app.listen(3000);
-  silent || console.log('Express started on port 3000');
-}
+  console.log('Express started on port 3000');
+}

examples/error-pages/views/404.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<% include error_header %>
+<h2>Cannot find <%= url %></h2>
+<% include footer %>

examples/error-pages/views/404.jade

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-
-extends error
-
-block content
-  h2 Cannot find #{url}

examples/error-pages/views/500.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<% include error_header %>
+<h2>Error: <%= error.message %></h2>
+<% if (settings['verbose errors']) { %>
+  <pre><%= error.stack %></pre>
+<% } else { %>
+  <p>An error occurred!</p>
+<% } %>
+<% include footer %>

examples/error-pages/views/500.jade

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-
-// note that we extend a different
-// layout with jade for 4xx & 5xx
-// responses
-
-extends error
-
-block content
-  h1 Error: #{error.message}
-  pre= error.stack

examples/error-pages/views/error.jade

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-html
-  head 
-    title Error
-  body
-    h1 An error occurred!
-    block content

examples/error-pages/views/error_header.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Error</title>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+<h1>An error occurred!</h1>

examples/error-pages/views/footer.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+</body>
+</html>

examples/error-pages/views/index.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Custom Pages Example</title>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+<h1>My Site</h1>
+<h2>Pages Example</h2>
+
+<ul>
+<li>visit <a href="/500">500</a></li>
+<li>visit <a href="/404">404</a></li>
+<li>visit <a href="/403">403</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+</body>
+</html>

examples/error-pages/views/index.jade

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-
-extends layout
-
-block content
-  h2 Pages Example
-  ul
-    li 
-      | visit 
-      a(href="/500") 500
-    li
-      | visit
-      a(href="/404") 404
-    li
-      | visit
-      a(href='/403') 403

examples/error-pages/views/layout.jade

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-html
-  head 
-    title Custom Pages Example
-  body
-    h1 My Site
-    block content

examples/error/index.js

@@ -1,20 +1,13 @@
-
 /**
  * Module dependencies.
  */
 
-var express = require('../../')
-  , app = module.exports = express();
+var express = require('../../');
+var logger = require('morgan');
+var app = module.exports = express();
+var test = app.get('env') == 'test';
 
-if ('test' != process.env.NODE_ENV)
-  app.use(express.logger('dev'));
-app.use(app.router);
-
-// the error handler is strategically
-// placed *below* the app.router; if it
-// were above it would not receive errors
-// from app.get() etc 
-app.use(error);
+if (!test) app.use(logger('dev'));
 
 // error handling middleware have an arity of 4
 // instead of the typical (req, res, next),
@@ -24,11 +17,11 @@ app.use(error);
 
 function error(err, req, res, next) {
   // log it
-  if ('test' != process.env.NODE_ENV)
-    console.error(err.stack);
+  if (!test) console.error(err.stack);
 
   // respond with 500 "Internal Server Error".
-  res.send(500);
+  res.status(500);
+  res.send('Internal Server Error');
 }
 
 app.get('/', function(req, res){
@@ -38,12 +31,21 @@ app.get('/', function(req, res){
 
 app.get('/next', function(req, res, next){
   // We can also pass exceptions to next()
+  // The reason for process.nextTick() is to show that
+  // next() can be called inside an async operation,
+  // in real life it can be a DB read or HTTP request.
   process.nextTick(function(){
     next(new Error('oh no!'));
   });
 });
 
+// the error handler is placed after routes
+// if it were above it would not receive errors
+// from app.get() etc
+app.use(error);
+
+/* istanbul ignore next */
 if (!module.parent) {
   app.listen(3000);
   console.log('Express started on port 3000');
-}
+}

examples/expose-data-to-client/index.js

@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-
-var express = require('../..')
-  , app = express();
-
-app.set('view engine', 'jade');
-app.set('views', __dirname + '/views');
-
-function User(name) {
-  this.private = 'heyyyy';
-  this.secret = 'something';
-  this.name = name;
-  this.id = 123;
-}
-
-// You'll probably want to do
-// something like this so you
-// dont expose "secret" data.
-
-User.prototype.toJSON = function(){
-  return {
-    id: this.id,
-    name: this.name
-  }
-};
-
-app.use(express.logger('dev'));
-
-// earlier on expose an object
-// that we can tack properties on.
-// all res.locals props are exposed
-// to the templates, so "expose" will
-// be present.
-
-app.use(function(req, res, next){
-  res.locals.expose = {};
-  // you could alias this as req or res.expose
-  // to make it shorter and less annoying
-  next();
-});
-
-// pretend we loaded a user
-
-app.use(function(req, res, next){
-  req.user = new User('Tobi');
-  next();
-});
-
-// if you wanted to _always_ expose
-// the user you might do something like this:
-/*
-app.locals.use(function(req, res){
-  if (req.user) res.locals.expose.user = req.user;
-})
-*/
-
-app.get('/', function(req, res){
-  res.redirect('/user');
-});
-
-app.get('/user', function(req, res){
-  // we only want to expose the user
-  // to the client for this route:
-  res.locals.expose.user = req.user;
-  res.render('page');
-});
-
-app.listen(3000);
-console.log('app listening on port 3000');

examples/expose-data-to-client/views/page.jade

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-html
-  head
-    title Express
-    script
-      // call this whatever you like,
-      // or dump them into individual
-      // props like "var user ="
-      var data = !{JSON.stringify(expose)}
-  body
-    h1 Expose client data
-    p The following was exposed to the client:
-    pre
-      script
-        document.write(JSON.stringify(data, null, 2))

examples/form/app.js

@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Module dependencies.
- */
-
-var express = require('../../');
-
-var app = module.exports = express();
-
-// Here we use the bodyDecoder middleware
-// to parse urlencoded request bodies
-// which populates req.body
-app.use(express.bodyParser());
-    
-// The methodOverride middleware allows us
-// to set a hidden input of _method to an arbitrary
-// HTTP method to support app.put(), app.del() etc
-app.use(express.methodOverride());
-
-// Required by session
-app.use(express.cookieParser());
-
-// Required by req.flash() for persistent
-// notifications
-app.use(express.session({ secret: 'keyboard cat' }));
-
-app.get('/', function(req, res){
-  // get ?name=foo
-  var name = req.param('name') || '';
-  
-  // Switch the button label based if we have a name
-  var label = name ? 'Update' : 'Save';
-
-  // Buffer all flash messages.
-  // Typically this would all be done in a template
-  // however for illustration purposes we iterate
-  // here.
-  
-  // The messages in req.flash() persist until called,
-  // at which time they are flushed from the session
-  var msgs = '<ul>',
-      flash = req.flash();
-  Object.keys(flash).forEach(function(type){
-    flash[type].forEach(function(msg){
-      msgs += '<li class="' + type + '">' + msg + '</li>';
-    });
-  });
-  msgs += '</ul>';
-
-  // If we have a name, we are updating,
-  // so add the hidden _method input
-  res.send(msgs
-    + '<form method="post">'
-    + (name ? '<input type="hidden" value="put" name="_method" />' : '')
-    + 'Name: <input type="text" name="name" value="' + name + '" />'
-    + '<input type="submit" value="' + label + '" />'
-    + '</form>');
-});
-
-app.post('/', function(req, res){
-  if (req.body.name) {
-    // Typically here we would create a resource
-    req.flash('info', 'Saved ' + req.body.name);
-    res.redirect('/?name=' + req.body.name);
-  } else {
-    req.flash('error', 'Error: name required');
-    res.redirect('/');
-  }
-});
-
-app.put('/', function(req, res){
-  // Typically here we would update a resource
-  req.flash('info', 'Updated ' + req.body.name);
-  res.redirect('/?name=' + req.body.name);
-});
-
-if (!module.parent) {
-  app.listen(3000);
-  console.log('Express started on port 3000');
-}

examples/github/app.js

@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-
-/**
- * Module dependencies.
- */
-
-var express = require('../../lib/express')
-  , http = require('http');
-
-var app = express();
-
-// Expose our views
-
-app.set('views', __dirname + '/views');
-app.set('view engine', 'jade');
-
-/**
- * Request github json api `path`.
- *
- * @param {String} path
- * @param {Function} fn
- * @api public
- */
-
-function request(path, fn){
-  var client = http.createClient(80, 'github.com')
-    , req = client.request('GET', '/api/v2/json' + path, { Host: 'github.com' });
-  req.on('response', function(res){
-    res.body = '';
-    res.on('data', function(chunk){ res.body += chunk; });
-    res.on('end', function(){
-      try {
-        fn(null, JSON.parse(res.body));
-      } catch (err) {
-        fn(err);
-      }
-    });
-  });
-  req.end();
-}
-
-/**
- * Sort repositories by watchers desc.
- *
- * @param {Array} repos
- * @api public
- */
-
-function sort(repos){
-  return repos.sort(function(a, b){
-    if (a.watchers == b.watchers) return 0;
-    if (a.watchers > b.watchers) return -1;
-    if (a.watchers < b.watchers) return 1;
-  });
-}
-
-/**
- * Tally up total watchers.
- *
- * @param {Array} repos
- * @return {Number}
- * @api public
- */
-
-function totalWatchers(repos) {
-  return repos.reduce(function(sum, repo){
-    return sum + repo.watchers;
-  }, 0);
-}
-
-/**
- * Default to my user name :)
- */
-
-app.get('/', function(req, res){
-  res.redirect('/repos/visionmedia');
-});
-
-/**
- * Display repos.
- */
-
-app.get('/repos/*', function(req, res, next){
-  var names = req.params[0].split('/')
-    , users = [];
-  (function fetchData(name){
-    // We have a user name
-    if (name) {
-      console.log('... fetching \x1b[33m%s\x1b[0m', name);
-      request('/repos/show/' + name, function(err, user){
-        if (err) {
-          next(err)
-        } else {
-          user.totalWatchers = totalWatchers(user.repositories);
-          user.repos = sort(user.repositories);
-          user.name = name;
-          users.push(user);
-          fetchData(names.shift());
-        }
-      });
-    // No more users
-    } else {
-      console.log('... done');
-      res.render('index', { users: users });
-    }
-  })(names.shift());
-});
-
-// Serve statics from ./public
-app.use(express.static(__dirname + '/public'));
-
-// Listen on port 3000
-app.listen(3000);
-console.log('Express app started on port 3000');

examples/github/public/style.css

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-body {
-  padding: 30px 50px;
-  font: 12px/1.4 "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif;
-}
-a {
-  color: #00AAFF;
-  text-decoration: none;
-}
-a:hover {
-  text-decoration: underline;
-}
-.user {
-  margin: 0 10px;
-  float: left;
-  width: 300px;
-}
-table td:nth-child(2) {
-  padding: 0 5px;
-}

examples/github/views/index.jade

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-
-extends layout
-
-block content
-  each user in users
-    .user
-      h2= user.name
-      p.summary
-        | <a href="http://github.com/#{user.name}">#{user.name}</a> has
-        | <strong>#{user.repos.length}</strong> repositories 
-        | with a total of <strong>#{user.totalWatchers}</strong> watchers.
-      table#repos
-        for repo in user.repos
-          include repo

examples/github/views/layout.jade

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-!!!
-html
-  head
-    title Github Example
-    link(rel="stylesheet", href="/style.css")
-  body
-    #container
-      block content

examples/github/views/repo.jade

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-tr.repo
-  td.name
-    a(href: repo.homepage || repo.url)= repo.name
-  td.watchers
-    = repo.watchers

examples/hello-world/index.js

@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
-
-/**
- * Module dependencies.
- */
-
 var express = require('../../');
 
 var app = express();
@@ -11,5 +6,8 @@ app.get('/', function(req, res){
   res.send('Hello World');
 });
 
-app.listen(3000);
-console.log('Express started on port 3000');
+/* istanbul ignore next */
+if (!module.parent) {
+  app.listen(3000);
+  console.log('Express started on port 3000');
+}

examples/jade/index.js

@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-
-/**
- * Module dependencies.
- */
-
-var express = require('../../lib/express');
-
-// Path to our public directory
-
-var pub = __dirname + '/public';
-
-// Auto-compile sass to css with "compiler"
-// and then serve with connect's staticProvider
-
-var app = express.createServer();
-app.use(app.router);
-app.use(express.static(pub));
-app.use(express.errorHandler());
-
-// Optional since express defaults to CWD/views
-
-app.set('views', __dirname + '/views');
-
-// Set our default template engine to "jade"
-// which prevents the need for extensions
-// (although you can still mix and match)
-app.set('view engine', 'jade');
-
-function User(name, email) {
-  this.name = name;
-  this.email = email;
-}
-
-// Dummy users
-var users = [
-    new User('tj', 'tj@vision-media.ca')
-  , new User('ciaran', 'ciaranj@gmail.com')
-  , new User('aaron', 'aaron.heckmann+github@gmail.com')
-];
-
-app.get('/', function(req, res){
-  res.render('users', { users: users });
-});
-
-app.listen(3000);
-console.log('Express app started on port 3000');

examples/jade/views/header.jade

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-head
-  title Jade Example
-  link(rel="stylesheet", href="/stylesheets/style.css")

examples/jade/views/layout.jade

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-!!! 5
-html
-  include header
-  body
-    block content

examples/jade/views/users/index.jade

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-
-extends ../layout
-
-block content
-  h1 Users
-  #users
-    for user in users
-      include user

examples/jade/views/users/user.jade

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-.user
-  h2= user.name
-  .email= user.email

examples/markdown/index.js

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-
 /**
  * Module dependencies.
  */
 
-var express = require('../../')
-  , fs = require('fs')
-  , md = require('github-flavored-markdown').parse;
+var escapeHtml = require('escape-html');
+var express = require('../..');
+var fs = require('fs');
+var marked = require('marked');
+var path = require('path');
 
 var app = module.exports = express();
 
@@ -14,32 +15,28 @@ var app = module.exports = express();
 app.engine('md', function(path, options, fn){
   fs.readFile(path, 'utf8', function(err, str){
     if (err) return fn(err);
-    try {
-      var html = md(str);
-      html = html.replace(/\{([^}]+)\}/g, function(_, name){
-        return options[name] || '';
-      })
-      fn(null, html);
-    } catch(err) {
-      fn(err);
-    }
+    var html = marked.parse(str).replace(/\{([^}]+)\}/g, function(_, name){
+      return escapeHtml(options[name] || '');
+    });
+    fn(null, html);
   });
-})
+});
 
-app.set('views', __dirname + '/views');
+app.set('views', path.join(__dirname, 'views'));
 
 // make it the default so we dont need .md
 app.set('view engine', 'md');
 
 app.get('/', function(req, res){
   res.render('index', { title: 'Markdown Example' });
-})
+});
 
 app.get('/fail', function(req, res){
   res.render('missing', { title: 'Markdown Example' });
-})
+});
 
+/* istanbul ignore next */
 if (!module.parent) {
   app.listen(3000);
   console.log('Express started on port 3000');
-}
+}

examples/multi-router/controllers/api_v1.js

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+var express = require('../../..');
+
+var apiv1 = express.Router();
+
+apiv1.get('/', function(req, res) {
+  res.send('Hello from APIv1 root route.');
+});
+
+apiv1.get('/users', function(req, res) {
+  res.send('List of APIv1 users.');
+});
+
+module.exports = apiv1;

examples/multi-router/controllers/api_v2.js

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+var express = require('../../..');
+
+var apiv2 = express.Router();
+
+apiv2.get('/', function(req, res) {
+  res.send('Hello from APIv2 root route.');
+});
+
+apiv2.get('/users', function(req, res) {
+  res.send('List of APIv2 users.');
+});
+
+module.exports = apiv2;

examples/multi-router/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+var express = require('../..');
+
+var app = module.exports = express();
+
+app.use('/api/v1', require('./controllers/api_v1'));
+app.use('/api/v2', require('./controllers/api_v2'));
+
+app.get('/', function(req, res) {
+  res.send('Hello form root route.');
+});
+
+/* istanbul ignore next */
+if (!module.parent) {
+  app.listen(3000);
+  console.log('Express started on port 3000');
+}

examples/multipart/app.js

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-
-/**
- * Module dependencies.
- */
-
-var express = require('../../')
-  , format = require('util').format;
-
-var app = module.exports = express()
-
-// bodyParser in connect 2.x uses node-formidable to parse 
-// the multipart form data.
-app.use(express.bodyParser())
-
-app.get('/', function(req, res){
-  res.send('<form method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">'
-    + '<p>Title: <input type="text" name="title" /></p>'
-    + '<p>Image: <input type="file" name="image" /></p>'
-    + '<p><input type="submit" value="Upload" /></p>'
-    + '</form>');
-});
-
-app.post('/', function(req, res, next){
-  // the uploaded file can be found as `req.files.image` and the
-  // title field as `req.body.title`
-  res.send(format('\nuploaded %s (%d Kb) to %s as %s'
-    , req.files.image.name
-    , req.files.image.size / 1024 | 0 
-    , req.files.image.path
-    , req.body.title));
-});
-
-if (!module.parent) {
-  app.listen(3000);
-  console.log('Express started on port 3000');
-}

examples/multipart/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/**
+ * Module dependencies.
+ */
+
+var express = require('../..');
+var multiparty = require('multiparty');
+var format = require('util').format;
+
+var app = module.exports = express();
+
+app.get('/', function(req, res){
+  res.send('<form method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">'
+    + '<p>Title: <input type="text" name="title" /></p>'
+    + '<p>Image: <input type="file" name="image" /></p>'
+    + '<p><input type="submit" value="Upload" /></p>'
+    + '</form>');
+});
+
+app.post('/', function(req, res, next){
+  // create a form to begin parsing
+  var form = new multiparty.Form();
+  var image;
+  var title;
+
+  form.on('error', next);
+  form.on('close', function(){
+    res.send(format('\nuploaded %s (%d Kb) as %s'
+      , image.filename
+      , image.size / 1024 | 0
+      , title));
+  });
+
+  // listen on field event for title
+  form.on('field', function(name, val){
+    if (name !== 'title') return;
+    title = val;
+  });
+
+  // listen on part event for image file
+  form.on('part', function(part){
+    if (!part.filename) return;
+    if (part.name !== 'image') return part.resume();
+    image = {};
+    image.filename = part.filename;
+    image.size = 0;
+    part.on('data', function(buf){
+      image.size += buf.length;
+    });
+  });
+
+
+  // parse the form
+  form.parse(req);
+});
+
+/* istanbul ignore next */
+if (!module.parent) {
+  app.listen(4000);
+  console.log('Express started on port 4000');
+}

examples/mvc/controllers/main/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+exports.index = function(req, res){
+  res.redirect('/users');
+};

examples/mvc/controllers/pet/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/**
+ * Module dependencies.
+ */
+
+var db = require('../../db');
+
+exports.engine = 'ejs';
+
+exports.before = function(req, res, next){
+  var pet = db.pets[req.params.pet_id];
+  if (!pet) return next('route');
+  req.pet = pet;
+  next();
+};
+
+exports.show = function(req, res, next){
+  res.render('show', { pet: req.pet });
+};
+
+exports.edit = function(req, res, next){
+  res.render('edit', { pet: req.pet });
+};
+
+exports.update = function(req, res, next){
+  var body = req.body;
+  req.pet.name = body.pet.name;
+  res.message('Information updated!');
+  res.redirect('/pet/' + req.pet.id);
+};

examples/mvc/controllers/pet/views/edit.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
+<title>Edit <%= pet.name %></title>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+<h1><%= pet.name %></h1>
+<form action="/pet/<%= pet.id %>?_method=put" method="post">
+  <label>Name: <input type="text" name="pet[name]" value="<%= pet.name %>"></label>
+  <input type="submit" value="Update">
+</form>
+</body>
+</html>

examples/mvc/controllers/pet/views/show.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
+<title><%= pet.name %></title>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+<h1><%= pet.name %> <a href="/pet/<%= pet.id %>/edit">edit</a></h1>
+
+<p>You are viewing <%= pet.name %></p>
+</body>
+</html>

examples/mvc/controllers/user-pet/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/**
+ * Module dependencies.
+ */
+
+var db = require('../../db');
+
+exports.name = 'pet';
+exports.prefix = '/user/:user_id';
+
+exports.create = function(req, res, next){
+  var id = req.params.user_id;
+  var user = db.users[id];
+  var body = req.body;
+  if (!user) return next('route');
+  var pet = { name: body.pet.name };
+  pet.id = db.pets.push(pet) - 1;
+  user.pets.push(pet);
+  res.message('Added pet ' + body.pet.name);
+  res.redirect('/user/' + id);
+};

examples/mvc/controllers/user/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/**
+ * Module dependencies.
+ */
+
+var db = require('../../db');
+
+exports.engine = 'hbs';
+
+exports.before = function(req, res, next){
+  var id = req.params.user_id;
+  if (!id) return next();
+  // pretend to query a database...
+  process.nextTick(function(){
+    req.user = db.users[id];
+    // cant find that user
+    if (!req.user) return next('route');
+    // found it, move on to the routes
+    next();
+  });
+};
+
+exports.list = function(req, res, next){
+  res.render('list', { users: db.users });
+};
+
+exports.edit = function(req, res, next){
+  res.render('edit', { user: req.user });
+};
+
+exports.show = function(req, res, next){
+  res.render('show', { user: req.user });
+};
+
+exports.update = function(req, res, next){
+  var body = req.body;
+  req.user.name = body.user.name;
+  res.message('Information updated!');
+  res.redirect('/user/' + req.user.id);
+};

examples/mvc/controllers/user/views/edit.hbs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
+  <title>Edit {{user.name}}</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <h1>{{user.name}}</h1>
+  <form action="/user/{{user.id}}?_method=put" method="post">
+    <label for="user[name]">Name:
+      <input type="text" name="user[name]" value="{{user.name}}">
+    </label>
+
+    <input type="submit" name="submit" value="Update">
+  </form>
+
+  <form action="/user/{{user.id}}/pet" method="post">
+    <label for="pet[name]">Pet:
+      <input type="text" name="pet[name]" placeholder="Pet Name">
+    </label>
+
+    <input type="submit" name="submit" value="Add">
+  </form>
+</body>
+</html>

examples/mvc/controllers/user/views/list.hbs

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
+  <title>Users</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <h1>Users</h1>
+  <p>Click a user below to view their pets.</p>
+  <ul>
+    {{#each users}}
+      <li><a href="/user/{{id}}">{{name}}</a></li>
+    {{/each}}
+  </ul>
+</body>
+</html>

examples/mvc/controllers/user/views/show.hbs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
+  <title>{{user.name}}</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+<h1>{{user.name}} <a href="/user/{{user.id}}/edit">edit</a></h1>
+
+{{#if hasMessages}}
+  <ul>
+    {{#each messages}}
+      <li>{{this}}</li>
+    {{/each}}
+  </ul>
+{{/if}}
+
+{{#if user.pets.length}}
+  <p>View {{user.name}}'s pets:</p>
+  <ul>
+    {{#each user.pets}}
+      <li><a href="/pet/{{id}}">{{name}}</a></li>
+    {{/each}}
+  </ul>
+{{else}}
+  <p>No pets!</p>
+{{/if}}
+</body>
+</html>

examples/mvc/db.js

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// faux database
+
+var pets = exports.pets = [];
+
+pets.push({ name: 'Tobi', id: 0 });
+pets.push({ name: 'Loki', id: 1 });
+pets.push({ name: 'Jane', id: 2 });
+pets.push({ name: 'Raul', id: 3 });
+
+var users = exports.users = [];
+
+users.push({ name: 'TJ', pets: [pets[0], pets[1], pets[2]], id: 0  });
+users.push({ name: 'Guillermo', pets: [pets[3]], id: 1 });
+users.push({ name: 'Nathan', pets: [], id: 2 });

examples/mvc/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+/**
+ * Module dependencies.
+ */
+
+var express = require('../..');
+var logger = require('morgan');
+var path = require('path');
+var session = require('express-session');
+var methodOverride = require('method-override');
+
+var app = module.exports = express();
+
+// set our default template engine to "ejs"
+// which prevents the need for using file extensions
+app.set('view engine', 'ejs');
+
+// set views for error and 404 pages
+app.set('views', path.join(__dirname, 'views'));
+
+// define a custom res.message() method
+// which stores messages in the session
+app.response.message = function(msg){
+  // reference `req.session` via the `this.req` reference
+  var sess = this.req.session;
+  // simply add the msg to an array for later
+  sess.messages = sess.messages || [];
+  sess.messages.push(msg);
+  return this;
+};
+
+// log
+if (!module.parent) app.use(logger('dev'));
+
+// serve static files
+app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'public')));
+
+// session support
+app.use(session({
+  resave: false, // don't save session if unmodified
+  saveUninitialized: false, // don't create session until something stored
+  secret: 'some secret here'
+}));
+
+// parse request bodies (req.body)
+app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: true }))
+
+// allow overriding methods in query (?_method=put)
+app.use(methodOverride('_method'));
+
+// expose the "messages" local variable when views are rendered
+app.use(function(req, res, next){
+  var msgs = req.session.messages || [];
+
+  // expose "messages" local variable
+  res.locals.messages = msgs;
+
+  // expose "hasMessages"
+  res.locals.hasMessages = !! msgs.length;
+
+  /* This is equivalent:
+   res.locals({
+     messages: msgs,
+     hasMessages: !! msgs.length
+   });
+  */
+
+  next();
+  // empty or "flush" the messages so they
+  // don't build up
+  req.session.messages = [];
+});
+
+// load controllers
+require('./lib/boot')(app, { verbose: !module.parent });
+
+app.use(function(err, req, res, next){
+  // log it
+  if (!module.parent) console.error(err.stack);
+
+  // error page
+  res.status(500).render('5xx');
+});
+
+// assume 404 since no middleware responded
+app.use(function(req, res, next){
+  res.status(404).render('404', { url: req.originalUrl });
+});
+
+/* istanbul ignore next */
+if (!module.parent) {
+  app.listen(3000);
+  console.log('Express started on port 3000');
+}

examples/mvc/lib/boot.js

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/**
+ * Module dependencies.
+ */
+
+var express = require('../../..');
+var fs = require('fs');
+var path = require('path');
+
+module.exports = function(parent, options){
+  var dir = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'controllers');
+  var verbose = options.verbose;
+  fs.readdirSync(dir).forEach(function(name){
+    var file = path.join(dir, name)
+    if (!fs.statSync(file).isDirectory()) return;
+    verbose && console.log('\n   %s:', name);
+    var obj = require(file);
+    var name = obj.name || name;
+    var prefix = obj.prefix || '';
+    var app = express();
+    var handler;
+    var method;
+    var url;
+
+    // allow specifying the view engine
+    if (obj.engine) app.set('view engine', obj.engine);
+    app.set('views', path.join(__dirname, '..', 'controllers', name, 'views'));
+
+    // generate routes based
+    // on the exported methods
+    for (var key in obj) {
+      // "reserved" exports
+      if (~['name', 'prefix', 'engine', 'before'].indexOf(key)) continue;
+      // route exports
+      switch (key) {
+        case 'show':
+          method = 'get';
+          url = '/' + name + '/:' + name + '_id';
+          break;
+        case 'list':
+          method = 'get';
+          url = '/' + name + 's';
+          break;
+        case 'edit':
+          method = 'get';
+          url = '/' + name + '/:' + name + '_id/edit';
+          break;
+        case 'update':
+          method = 'put';
+          url = '/' + name + '/:' + name + '_id';
+          break;
+        case 'create':
+          method = 'post';
+          url = '/' + name;
+          break;
+        case 'index':
+          method = 'get';
+          url = '/';
+          break;
+        default:
+          /* istanbul ignore next */
+          throw new Error('unrecognized route: ' + name + '.' + key);
+      }
+
+      // setup
+      handler = obj[key];
+      url = prefix + url;
+
+      // before middleware support
+      if (obj.before) {
+        app[method](url, obj.before, handler);
+        verbose && console.log('     %s %s -> before -> %s', method.toUpperCase(), url, key);
+      } else {
+        app[method](url, handler);
+        verbose && console.log('     %s %s -> %s', method.toUpperCase(), url, key);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // mount the app
+    parent.use(app);
+  });
+};

examples/mvc/public/style.css

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+body {
+  padding: 50px;
+  font: 16px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial;
+}
+a {
+  color: #107aff;
+  text-decoration: none;
+}
+a:hover {
+  text-decoration: underline;
+}
+h1 a {
+  font-size: 16px;
+}

examples/mvc/views/404.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <title>Not Found</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>404: Not Found</h1>
+    <p>Sorry we can't find <%= url %></p>
+  </body>
+</html>

examples/mvc/views/5xx.ejs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <title>Internal Server Error</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>500: Internal Server Error</h1>
+    <p>Looks like something blew up!</p>
+  </body>
+</html>

examples/online/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+
+// install redis first:
+// https://redis.io/
+
+// then:
+// $ npm install redis online
+// $ redis-server
+
+/**
+ * Module dependencies.
+ */
+
+var express = require('../..');
+var online = require('online');
+var redis = require('redis');
+var db = redis.createClient();
+
+// online
+
+online = online(db);
+
+// app
+
+var app = express();
+
+// activity tracking, in this case using
+// the UA string, you would use req.user.id etc
+
+app.use(function(req, res, next){
+  // fire-and-forget
+  online.add(req.headers['user-agent']);
+  next();
+});
+
+/**
+ * List helper.
+ */
+
+function list(ids) {
+  return '<ul>' + ids.map(function(id){
+    return '<li>' + id + '</li>';
+  }).join('') + '</ul>';
+}
+
+/**
+ * GET users online.
+ */
+
+app.get('/', function(req, res, next){
+  online.last(5, function(err, ids){
+    if (err) return next(err);
+    res.send('<p>Users online: ' + ids.length + '</p>' + list(ids));
+  });
+});
+
+/* istanbul ignore next */
+if (!module.parent) {
+  app.listen(3000);
+  console.log('Express started on port 3000');
+}

examples/params/index.js

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-
 /**
  * Module dependencies.
  */
 
-var express = require('../../')
-  , app = module.exports = express();
+var express = require('../../');
+var app = module.exports = express();
 
 // Faux database
 
@@ -16,12 +15,20 @@ var users = [
   , { name: 'bandit' }
 ];
 
+// Create HTTP error
+
+function createError(status, message) {
+  var err = new Error(message);
+  err.status = status;
+  return err;
+}
+
 // Convert :to and :from to integers
 
-app.param(['to', 'from'], function(req, res, next, num, name){ 
-  req.params[name] = num = parseInt(num, 10);
-  if( isNaN(num) ){
-    next(new Error('failed to parseInt '+num));
+app.param(['to', 'from'], function(req, res, next, num, name){
+  req.params[name] = parseInt(num, 10);
+  if( isNaN(req.params[name]) ){
+    next(createError(400, 'failed to parseInt '+num));
   } else {
     next();
   }
@@ -33,7 +40,7 @@ app.param('user', function(req, res, next, id){
   if (req.user = users[id]) {
     next();
   } else {
-    next(new Error('failed to find user'));
+    next(createError(404, 'failed to find user'));
   }
 });
 
@@ -58,13 +65,14 @@ app.get('/user/:user', function(req, res, next){
  */
 
 app.get('/users/:from-:to', function(req, res, next){
-  var from = req.params.from
-    , to = req.params.to
-    , names = users.map(function(user){ return user.name; });
-  res.send('users ' + names.slice(from, to).join(', '));
+  var from = req.params.from;
+  var to = req.params.to;
+  var names = users.map(function(user){ return user.name; });
+  res.send('users ' + names.slice(from, to + 1).join(', '));
 });
 
+/* istanbul ignore next */
 if (!module.parent) {
   app.listen(3000);
   console.log('Express started on port 3000');
-}
+}